{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:20:13Z","timestamp":1792167613076,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sepsis and septic shock are among the leading causes of in-hospital mortality worldwide, causing a considerable burden for healthcare. The early identification of sepsis as well as the individuation of the septic focus is pivotal, followed by the prompt initiation of antibiotic therapy, appropriate source control as well as adequate hemodynamic resuscitation. For years now, both emergency department (ED) doctors and intensivists have used ultrasound as an adjunctive tool for the correct diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Our aim was to better understand the state-of-the art role of ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Methods: We conducted an extensive literature search about the topic and reported on the data from the most significant papers over the last 20 years. Results: We divided each article by topic and exposed the results accordingly, identifying four main aspects: sepsis diagnosis, source control and procedure, fluid resuscitation and hemodynamic optimization, and echocardiography in septic cardiomyopathy. Conclusion: The use of ultrasound throughout the process of the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis and septic shock provides the clinician with an adjunctive tool to better characterize patients and ensure early, aggressive, as well as individualized therapy, when needed. More data are needed to conclude that the use of ultrasound might improve survival in this subset of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T05:44:45Z","timestamp":1675316685000},"page":"1185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Ultrasound in Sepsis and Septic Shock\u2014From Diagnosis to Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Tullo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli\u2014IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8443-7880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Candelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli\u2014IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Gasparrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli\u2014IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Micci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli\u2014IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Franceschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli\u2014IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000133017.34137.82","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of immediate versus delayed goal-directed ultrasound to identify the cause of nontraumatic hypotension in emergency department patients","volume":"32","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. 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