{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T23:45:09Z","timestamp":1780443909857,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2017ZX10202203-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX10202203-007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: It remains unclear what B cell and humoral responses are mounted by chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in response to recombinant and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this study, we aimed to explore the cellular and humoral responses, and the safety of recombinant and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in CKD patients. Methods: 79 CKD and 420 non-CKD individuals, who completed a full course of vaccination, were enrolled in the study. Adverse events (AEs) were collected via a questionnaire. Cellular and humoral responses were detected at 1, 3, and 6 months, including IgG antibody against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (anti-RBD-IgG), neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), the positive rate of NAbs and anti-RBD-IgG, RBD-atypical memory B cells (MBCs) (CD3 \u2212 CD19 + RBD + CD21 \u2212 CD27\u2212), RBD-activated MBCs (CD3 \u2212 CD19 + RBD + CD21 \u2212 CD27+), RBD-resting MBCs (CD3 \u2212 CD19 + RBD + CD21 + CD27+), and RBD-intermediate MBCs (CD3 \u2212 CD19 + RBD + CD21 + CD27\u2212). Results: We found no differences in the positivity rates of NAbs (70.89% vs. 79.49%, p = 0.212) and anti-RBD IgG (72.15% vs. 83.33%, p = 0.092) between the CKD and control groups. A total of 22 CKD individuals completed the full follow-up (1, 3, and 6 months). Significant and sustained declines were found at 3 months in anti-RBD IgG (26.64 BAU\/mL vs. 9.08 BAU\/mL, p &lt; 0.001) and NAbs (161.60 IU\/mL vs. 68.45 IU\/mL p &lt; 0.001), and at 6 months in anti-RBD IgG (9.08 BAU\/mL vs. 5.40 BAU\/mL, p = 0.064) and NAbs (68.45 IU\/mL vs. 51.03 IU\/mL, p = 0.001). Significant differences were identified in MBC subgroups between CKD patients and healthy controls, including RBD-specific atypical MBCs (60.5% vs. 17.9%, p &lt; 0.001), RBD-specific activated MBCs (36.3% vs. 14.8%, p &lt; 0.001), RBD-specific intermediate MBCs (1.24% vs. 42.6%, p &lt; 0.001), and resting MBCs (1.34% vs. 22.4%, p &lt; 0.001). Most AEs in CKD patients were mild (grade 1 and 2) and self-limiting. One patient with CKD presented with a recurrence of nephrotic syndrome after vaccination. Conclusions: The recombinant and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was well-tolerated and showed a good response in the CKD cohort. Our study also revealed differences in MBC subtypes after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination between CKD patients and healthy controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T05:09:20Z","timestamp":1675400960000},"page":"1225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cellular and Humoral Responses to Recombinant and Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in CKD Patients: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Siliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaoxia","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunmeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-0918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2122581","article-title":"Identification of CKD, Bedridden History and Cancer as Higher-Risk Comorbidities and Their Impact on Prognosis of Hospitalized Omicron Patients: A Multi-Centre Cohort Study","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. 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