{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T09:33:35Z","timestamp":1785836015974,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]],"date-time":"2023-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are several factors that play a key role in the development of early maladaptive schemas, i.e., temperament, unmet core emotional needs, and adverse childhood events (e.g., traumatization and victimization, overindulgence, overprotection). Thus, the parental care that a child experiences has a substantial impact on the potential development of early maladaptive schemas. Negative parenting can range from unconscious neglect to overt abuse. Previous research supports the theoretical concept that there is a clear and close relationship between adverse childhood experiences and the development of early maladaptive schemas. Maternal mental health problems have been proven to be a factor that has strengthened the link between a mother\u2019s history of negative childhood experiences and subsequent negative parenting. Consistent with the theoretical background, early maladaptive schemas are associated with a wide variety of mental health problems. Clear links have been found for EMSs and personality disorders, depression, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In light of these theoretical and clinical connections, we decided to summarize the available literature on the multigenerational transmission of early maladaptive schemas, which is also an introduction to our research project.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T01:35:13Z","timestamp":1675647313000},"page":"1263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Early Maladaptive Schemas and Their Impact on Parenting: Do Dysfunctional Schemas Pass Generationally?\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Klaudia","family":"S\u00f3jta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, ul. Czechos\u0142owacka 8\/10, 92-216 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8559-1078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominik","family":"Strzelecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, ul. Czechos\u0142owacka 8\/10, 92-216 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.1983.37.2.235","article-title":"Healing Factors of Psychiatry in Light of Attachment Theory","volume":"37","author":"Jones","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Winnicott, D.W., and Donald, W. (1987). The Child, the Family, and the Outside World, Addison-Wesley Pub. Co."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.07.047","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and adolescent mental health: Understanding the roles of gender and teenage risk and protective factors","volume":"314","author":"Gajos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steele, K.R., Townsend, M.L., and Grenyer, B.F.S. (2019). Parenting and personality disorder: An overview and meta-synthesis of systematic reviews. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223038"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Young, J.E. (1999). Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders: A Schema-Focused Approach, Professional Resource Press\/Professional Resource Exchange. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Young, J.E., Klosko, J.S., and Weishaar, M.E. (2006). Schema Therapy: A Practitioner\u2019s Guide, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2017.1410566","article-title":"A new look at the schema therapy model: Organization and role of early maladaptive schemas","volume":"47","author":"Bach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416655883","article-title":"Beyond Cumulative Risk: A Dimensional Approach to Childhood Adversity","volume":"25","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2533","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Pilkington","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2712","article-title":"Adolescent maladaptive schemas and childhood abuse and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"May","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2008.12.005","article-title":"Schemas and borderline personality disorder symptoms in incarcerated women","volume":"40","author":"Specht","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2009.10.001","article-title":"Mediation of early maladaptive schemas between perceptions of parental rearing style and personality disorder symptoms","volume":"41","author":"Thimm","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-013-9565-2","article-title":"The Intergenerational Transmission of Violent Offending","volume":"29","author":"Bijleveld","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.03.004","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment: Predictors of child emotional maltreatment among 11 to 17 years old children residing in communities of Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"91","author":"Lakhdir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.11.021","article-title":"Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: Do maltreatment type, perpetrator, and substantiation status matter?","volume":"63","author":"Bartlett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579418001700","article-title":"Testing the cycle of maltreatment hypothesis: Meta-analytic evidence of the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment","volume":"31","author":"Madigan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"15248380211036076","article-title":"Maternal History of Childhood Adversities and Later Negative Parenting: A Systematic Review","volume":"1","author":"Lotto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, Abus."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2467","article-title":"Early maladaptive schemas and their relation to personality disorders: A correlational examination in a clinical population","volume":"27","author":"Kunst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001458","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression in adolescence and young adulthood","volume":"51","author":"Tariq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.017","article-title":"Early maladaptive schemas in depression and somatization disorder","volume":"235","author":"Davoodi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2866","article-title":"Early maladaptive schemas in eating disorders: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Maher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12324","article-title":"The effectiveness of schema therapy for patients with anxiety disorders, OCD, or PTSD: A systematic review and research agenda","volume":"61","author":"Peeters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0930-6","article-title":"What do parents perceive are the barriers and facilitators to accessing psychological treatment for mental health problems in children and adolescents? A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies","volume":"26","author":"Reardon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Wells, G.A., Shea, B., O\u2019Connell, D., Pereson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., and Tugwell, P. (2019, February 12). The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. Available online: http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Modesti, P.A., Reboldi, G., Cappuccio, F.P., Agyemang, C., Remuzzi, G., Rapi, S., Perruolo, E., and Parati, G. (2016). ESH Working Group on CV Risk in Low Resource Settings Panethnic Differences in Blood Pressure in Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147601"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1108\/JPMH-08-2017-0028","article-title":"Looking into some of the risk factors of mental health: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas in mothers\u2019 parenting style and child anxiety disorders","volume":"17","author":"Adibsereshki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Public Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"9","article-title":"Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Child Anxiety: The Role of Child and Mother Schemas","volume":"1","author":"Fard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10591-012-9203-9","article-title":"An Examination of Early Maladaptive Schemas among Substance Use Treatment Seekers and their Parents","volume":"34","author":"Shorey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contemp. Fam. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"132","article-title":"Trans-generational transfer of early maladaptive schemas\u2014A preliminary study performed on a non-clinical group","volume":"4","author":"Chodkiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"471","article-title":"The Role of Mindfulness in the Relationship between Perceived Parenting, Early Maladaptive Schemata and Parental Sense of Competence","volume":"8","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465818000073","article-title":"Are Schemas Passed on? A Study on the Association between Early Maladaptive Schemas in Parents and Their Offspring and the Putative Translating Mechanisms","volume":"46","author":"Sundag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12602","article-title":"Like parent, like child? Exploring the association between early maladaptive schemas of adolescents involved with C hild P rotective S ervices and their parents","volume":"24","author":"Zonnevijlle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Fam. Soc. Work."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-018-09994-3","article-title":"Intergenerational Transfer of Early Maladaptive Schemas in Mother\u2013Daughter Dyads, and the Role of Parenting","volume":"43","author":"Gibson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordahl, D., H\u00f8if\u00f8dt, R.S., Bohne, A., Landsem, I.P., Wang, C.E.A., and Thimm, J.C. (2019). Early maladaptive schemas as predictors of maternal bonding to the unborn child. BMC Psychol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-019-0297-9"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104235","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences lead to trans-generational transmission of early maladaptive schemas","volume":"99","author":"Zeynel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2579","article-title":"Associations between early maladaptive schema domains of parents and their adult children: The role of defence styles","volume":"28","author":"Karaarslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105539","article-title":"Understanding intergenerational transmission of early maladaptive schemas from a memory perspective: Moderating role of overgeneral memory on adverse experiences","volume":"127","author":"Alaftar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abus. Negl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.023","article-title":"Schema modes and dissociation in borderline personality disorder\/traits in adolescents or young adults","volume":"261","author":"Barazandeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016129","article-title":"Parenting practices and problem behavior across three generations: Monitoring, harsh discipline, and drug use in the intergenerational transmission of externalizing behavior","volume":"45","author":"Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0547-0","article-title":"The intergenerational transmission of conduct problems","volume":"48","author":"Raudino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.113.3.487","article-title":"Parenting style as context: An integrative model","volume":"113","author":"Darling","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-011-9470-3","article-title":"Measuring Attitudes Toward Acceptable and Unacceptable Parenting Practices","volume":"21","author":"Budd","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.12809\/eaap1821","article-title":"Early Maladaptive Schemas, Depression Severity, and Risk Factors for Persistent Depressive Disorder: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"East Asian Arch. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2092","article-title":"Insecure attachment and maladaptive schema in disordered eating: The mediating role of rejection sensitivity","volume":"24","author":"Krug","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661924","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.661924","article-title":"Associations Between Trauma, Early Maladaptive Schemas, Personality Traits, and Clinical Severity in Eating Disorder Patients: A Clinical Presentation and Mediation Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Meneguzzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-012-9589-x","article-title":"Attachment Quality and Psychopathological Symptoms in Clinically Referred Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schema","volume":"22","author":"Roelofs","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/4\/1263\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:24:52Z","timestamp":1760120692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/4\/1263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12041263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12041263","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,5]]}}}