{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:17:58Z","timestamp":1785557878439,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04650\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04650\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/136684\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/136684\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"predoctoral grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04650\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04650\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"predoctoral grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/136684\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/136684\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the peripheral defocus induced with a novel perifocal ophthalmic lens for myopia progression control and the potential impact on visual function. This experimental, non-dispensing crossover study evaluated 17 myopic young adults. The peripheral refraction was measured using an open-field autorefractor, at 2.50 m from the target point, in two eccentric points, 25\u00b0 temporal, 25\u00b0 nasal, and central vision. Visual contrast sensitivity (VCS) was measured at 3.00 m with a Vistech system VCTS 6500 in low light conditions. Light disturbance (LD) was assessed with a light distortion analyzer 2.00 m away from the device. Peripheral refraction, VCS, and LD were assessed with a monofocal lens and perifocal lens (with an add power of +2.50 D on the temporal side of the lens, and +2.00 D on the nasal side). The results showed that the perifocal lenses induced an average myopic defocus of \u22120.42 \u00b1 0.38 D (p-value &lt; 0.001) in the nasal retina, at 25\u00b0 The changes induced by the lower add power in the nasal part of the lens did not induce statistically significant changes in the refraction of the temporal retina. The VCS and LD showed no significant differences between the monofocal and perifocal lenses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T01:48:56Z","timestamp":1676252936000},"page":"1435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Peripheral Refraction and Visual Function of Novel Perifocal Ophthalmic Lens for the Control of Myopia Progression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0496-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Silva-Leite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8716-095X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Amorim-de-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1045-4455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Queir\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9050-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-M\u00e9ijome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3921-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical & Experimental Optometry Research Lab (CEORLab), School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.10.007","article-title":"Degree of Myopia and Glaucoma Risk: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"236","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"3625","article-title":"Myopia and Incident Cataract and Cataract Surgery: The Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"43","author":"Younan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.06.005","article-title":"Myopia and Age-Related Cataract: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"156","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-019-01234-1","article-title":"On the Mechanics of Myopia and Its Influence on Retinal Detachment","volume":"19","author":"Lakawicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.04.023","article-title":"hei Association between Axial Length and Myopic Maculopathy: The Hisayama Study","volume":"3","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retina"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49","article-title":"The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"61","author":"Haarman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12339","article-title":"Nearly 1 Billion Myopes at Risk of Myopia-Related Sight-Threatening Conditions by 2050\u2014Time to Act Now","volume":"98","author":"Holden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313739","article-title":"Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) Spectacle Lenses Slow Myopia Progression: A 2-Year Randomised Clinical Trial","volume":"104","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000971","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2022-000971","article-title":"Vision Tests on Spectacle Lenses and Contact Lenses for Optical Myopia Correction: A Pilot Study","volume":"7","author":"Kaymak","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.0401","article-title":"Spectacle Lenses With Aspherical Lenslets for Myopia Control vs Single-Vision Spectacle Lenses: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"140","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667329","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.667329","article-title":"Influence of Lenslet Configuration on Short-Term Visual Performance in Myopia Control Spectacle Lenses","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.17116\/oftalma201913505146","article-title":"Long-Term Results of Perifocal Defocus Spectacle Lens Correction in Children with Progressive Myopia","volume":"135","author":"Tarutta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vestn. Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318278153c","article-title":"Peripheral Refraction and Retinal Contour in Stable and Progressive Myopia","volume":"90","author":"Jorge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2014.11.201","article-title":"Peripheral Refraction with Eye and Head Rotation with Contact Lenses","volume":"38","author":"Neves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cont. Lens. Anterior. Eye"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-018-0106-1","article-title":"Relative Peripheral Refraction across 4 Meridians after Orthokeratology and LASIK Surgery","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199706000-00019","article-title":"Power Vectors: An Application of Fourier Analysis to the Description and Statistical Analysis of Refractive Error","volume":"74","author":"Thibos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340.2013.842614","article-title":"Radiometric Characterization of a Novel LED Array System for Visual Assessment","volume":"60","author":"Linhares","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mod. Opt."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.20.7.075002","article-title":"Validation of a Method to Measure Light Distortion Surrounding a Source of Glare","volume":"20","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Borjes\u00f6n, C., Papadogiannis, P., Christaras, D., and Lundstr\u00f6m, L. (2022, January 4\u20137). Peripheral Image Quality in Three Types of Myopia Control Spectacles. Proceedings of the International Myopia Conference, Rotterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.5.53","article-title":"Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments Spectacle Lenses Changed the Relative Peripheral Refraction: A 2-Year Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5761","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11904","article-title":"Peripheral Defocus and Myopia Progression in Myopic Children Randomly Assigned to Wear Single Vision and Progressive Addition Lenses","volume":"54","author":"Berntsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.10834","article-title":"Effect of High Add Power, Medium Add Power, or Single-Vision Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children: The BLINK Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"324","author":"Walline","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12878","article-title":"The Impact of Spectacle Lenses for Myopia Control on Visual Functions","volume":"41","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12729","article-title":"Comparison of Short-Term Light Disturbance, Optical and Visual Performance Outcomes between a Myopia Control Contact Lens and a Single-Vision Contact Lens","volume":"40","author":"McAlinden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2018.11.006","article-title":"Light Disturbance Analysis in the Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial MiSight\u00ae Assessment Study Spain (MASS)","volume":"42","author":"Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cont. Lens. Anterior Eye"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/4\/1435\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:30:54Z","timestamp":1760121054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/4\/1435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12041435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12041435","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]}}}