{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:25:11Z","timestamp":1792805111523,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier National d\u2019Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024v1ns19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Describe the cognitive and behavioral symptomatology of patients with chronic ocular rubbing in keratoconus (KC) and Ocular Surface Disease (OSD) using a self-questionnaire. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in a tertiary ophthalmology center between May and July 2021. We consecutively included all patients presenting with one of the following conditions: KC and OSD. A questionnaire including the evaluation of Goodman and CAGE-modified criteria for eye rubbing was given to patients in consultation to evaluate their ocular symptoms and medical background. Results: We included 153 patients in the study. Of these, 125 (81.7%) patients reported eye rubbing. The average Goodman score was 5.8 \u00b1 3.1 and was \u2265 5 in 63.2% of cases. The CAGE score was \u2265 2 in 74.4% of patients. Addiction (p = 0.045) and psychiatric family history (p = 0.03) were more frequent in patients with higher scores. Ocular symptoms and eye rubbing were significantly more frequent and intense in patients with higher scores; Conclusion: Eye rubbing presents addictive-like cognitive and behavioral characteristics in patients with KC or OSD. The eye rubbing cycle could play an essential role in the onset and progression of keratoconus and could be a factor in the maintenance of dry eye.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T03:09:21Z","timestamp":1676430561000},"page":"1529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["EYERUBBICS: The Eye Rubbing Cycle Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Hage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology III, National Hospital Centre for Ophthalmology Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 Rue de Charenton, F-75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9229-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliette","family":"Knoeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology V, National Hospital Centre for Ophthalmology Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 Rue de Charenton, F-75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4905-4013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Leveziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology V, National Hospital Centre for Ophthalmology Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 Rue de Charenton, F-75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Majoulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology III, National Hospital Centre for Ophthalmology Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 Rue de Charenton, F-75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Victor","family":"Blanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, AP-HP, 184 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4599-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliette","family":"Buffault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology III, National Hospital Centre for Ophthalmology Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 Rue de Charenton, F-75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Labb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology III, National Hospital Centre for Ophthalmology Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 Rue de Charenton, F-75012 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Par\u00e9 Hospital, AP-HP, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvellines, 9 Avenue Charles de Gaulle, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France"},{"name":"INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Baudouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology III, National Hospital Centre for Ophthalmology Quinze-Vingts, IHU FOReSIGHT, 28 Rue de Charenton, F-75012 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Par\u00e9 Hospital, AP-HP, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvellines, 9 Avenue Charles de Gaulle, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France"},{"name":"INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 17 Rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2019","article-title":"Physiology and Pathophysiology of Itch","volume":"100","author":"Cevikbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. 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