{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T18:57:20Z","timestamp":1777143440120,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81700398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81700398"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81970309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81970309"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aims: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an ill-defined entity. This study aims to explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of diabetic patients that disparately develop heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) other than HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Patients and Methods: A total of 911 patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus were identified in the ChiHFpEF cohort (NCT05278026). DCM was defined as diabetic patients diagnosed with HF, absent from flow obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), uncontrolled refractory hypertension and hemodynamics significant heart valvular diseases, arrhythmia and congenital heart diseases. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death and rehospitalization due to HF. Results: As compared to DCM-HFrEF patients, DCM-HFpEF patients had a longer duration of diabetes, were older and more noticeable in hypertension and non-obstructive CAD. After a median follow-up of 45.5 months, survival analysis showed that DCM-HFpEF patients had a better composite endpoint. Cox regression implicated that non-obstructive CAD was a negative (HR 0.101, 95% CI 0.028\u20130.373, p = 0.001) predictor for the composite endpoint of DCM-HFrEF patients. Age was a positive predictor for the composite endpoint of DCM-HFpEF patients (HR 1.044, 95% CI 1.007\u20131.082, p = 0.018). Conclusion: DCM-HFpEF is a disparate entity from DCM-HFrEF. Additional phenomic studies are needed to explore the molecular mechanisms and develop targeted therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T03:32:30Z","timestamp":1676518350000},"page":"1565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Disparate Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of HFpEF versus HFrEF Phenotype of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiyuan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3068-6694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lida","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Medicine, Qujing No. 1 Hospital, Yuanlin No. 1 Road, Qilin District, Qujing 655000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7428-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongsong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045","volume":"138","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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