{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T19:20:28Z","timestamp":1789845628091,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early detection and treatment of cancer have led to a noticeable reduction in both mortality and morbidity. However, chemotherapy and radiotherapy could exert cardiovascular (CV) side effects, impacting survival and quality of life, independent of the oncologic prognosis. In this regard, a high clinical index of suspicion is required by the multidisciplinary care team in order to trigger specific laboratory tests (namely natriuretic peptides and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin) and appropriate imaging techniques (transthoracic echocardiography along with cardiac magnetic resonance, cardiac computed tomography, and nuclear testing (if clinically indicated)), leading to timely diagnosis. In the near future, we do expect a more tailored approach to patient care within the respective community along with the widespread implementation of digital health tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:02:09Z","timestamp":1676858529000},"page":"1612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Exploring the Cardiotoxicity Spectrum of Anti-Cancer Treatments: Definition, Classification, and Diagnostic Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ciro","family":"Mauro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, Via Cardarelli, 9, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0080-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Capone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, Via Cardarelli, 9, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosangela","family":"Cocchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, Via Cardarelli, 9, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-3279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Cademartiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Riccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, Via Cardarelli, 9, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Arcopinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maie","family":"Alshahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Heart Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashif","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Heart Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Carafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine Division, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, Via Cardarelli, 9, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-7010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreina","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiology, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4143-1678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossana","family":"Castaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Chianese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, Via Cardarelli, 9, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Crisci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6729-374X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"D\u2019Assante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6727-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6490-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Franzese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9682-3815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Galzerano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Heart Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Maffei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Operative Intensive Care Division, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, 9, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto Maria","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Mazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiology, Camerino Hospital, 62032 Macerata, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4880-5679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigida","family":"Ranieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1394-4786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Rega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigia","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Emergency Radiology, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, Via Cardarelli, 9, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5814-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Scagliarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, Via Cardarelli, 9, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Sepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Nursing and Rehabilitation Service (SITR) Department, Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Vriz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Heart Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0308-2836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Izzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Cittadini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2769-9950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Bossone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2352-2103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Salzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2017.02.002","article-title":"Cancer Screening and Early Detection in the 21st Century","volume":"33","author":"Loud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw211","article-title":"2016 ESC Position Paper on Cancer Treatments and Cardiovascular Toxicity Developed under the Auspices of the ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines: The Task Force for Cancer Treatments and Cardiovascular Toxicity of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"37","author":"Zamorano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"190","article-title":"The Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Cancer Survivors","volume":"39","author":"Daher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tex. Heart Inst. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeu192","article-title":"Expert Consensus for Multimodality Imaging Evaluation of Adult Patients during and after Cancer Therapy: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"15","author":"Plana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.\u2014Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.02.078","article-title":"Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for Evaluation and Management of Cardiovascular Complications of Cancer Therapy","volume":"32","author":"Virani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2019.10.023","article-title":"Management of Cardiac Disease in Cancer Patients throughout Oncological Treatment: ESMO Consensus Recommendations","volume":"31","author":"Curigliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac244","article-title":"2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-Oncology Developed in Collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS)","volume":"43","author":"Lyon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2368","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Takotsubo Syndrome\u2014A Joint Scientific Statement from the Heart Failure Association Takotsubo Syndrome Study Group and Myocardial Function Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology\u2014Part 2: Vascular Pathophysiology, Gender and Sex Hormones, Genetics, Chronic Cardiovascular Problems and Clinical Implications","volume":"24","author":"Omerovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00026","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity of Anthracyclines","volume":"7","author":"Cardinale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2020.09.006","article-title":"Genetics of Anthracycline Cardiomyopathy in Cancer Survivors: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"2","author":"Bhatia","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000000376","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Cardiotoxicity Induced by Nonanthracycline Chemotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Madeddu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marullo, R., Werner, E., Degtyareva, N., Moore, B., Altavilla, G., Ramalingam, S.S., and Doetsch, P.W. (2013). Cisplatin Induces a Mitochondrial-ROS Response That Contributes to Cytotoxicity Depending on Mitochondrial Redox Status and Bioenergetic Functions. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081162"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2022.02.003","article-title":"Intracellular Signaling Pathways Mediating Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Cardiotoxicity","volume":"18","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4265","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.173","article-title":"Randomized Phase II Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Trastuzumab Combined with Docetaxel in Patients with Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Administered as First-Line Treatment: The M77001 Study Group","volume":"23","author":"Marty","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.038","article-title":"Cardiovascular Events Among Adults Treated With Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells (CAR-T)","volume":"74","author":"Alvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2021.06.003","article-title":"Cardiovascular Manifestations From Therapeutic Radiation: A Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus Statement From the International Cardio-Oncology Society","volume":"3","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0348-1","article-title":"Adverse Cardiac Effects of Cancer Therapies: Cardiotoxicity and Arrhythmia","volume":"17","author":"Herrmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.11.036","article-title":"Takotsubo-Like Syndrome in Cancer Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Ederhy","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.05.013","article-title":"Myocarditis in Clinical Practice","volume":"91","author":"Sinagra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo. Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.4103\/jcecho.jcecho_4_19","article-title":"Peripheral Artery Disease and Stroke","volume":"30","author":"Zito","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Echogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.615203","article-title":"Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack after Head and Neck Radiotherapy: A Review","volume":"42","author":"Plummer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp147","article-title":"Increased Risk of Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in 5-Year Survivors of Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"101","author":"Dorresteijn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer. Inst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2005.10.015","article-title":"Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombosis","volume":"118","author":"Haddad","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e334","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00160-7","article-title":"2022 International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment and Prophylaxis of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer, Including Patients with COVID-19","volume":"23","author":"Farge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiorescu, R.M., Mocan, M., Stoia, M.A., Barta, A., Goidescu, C.M., Chiorescu, S., and Farca\u015f, A.D. (2021). Arguments for Using Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Cancer-Related Venous Thromboembolism. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9101287"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2010.10.001","article-title":"Arterial Thrombosis in Ambulatory Cancer Patients Treated with Chemotherapy","volume":"127","author":"Ferrante","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn713","article-title":"Management of Hypertension in Angiogenesis Inhibitor-Treated Patients","volume":"20","author":"Izzedine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70003-2","article-title":"Incidence and Risk of Hypertension with Sorafenib in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707330","article-title":"VEGF Inhibition and Renal Thrombotic Microangiopathy","volume":"358","author":"Eremina","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2022.02.006","article-title":"Arrhythmic Complications Associated with Cancer Therapies","volume":"18","author":"Pothineni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.026","article-title":"Insights into Onco-Cardiology: Atrial Fibrillation in Cancer","volume":"63","author":"Farmakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000348367","article-title":"Negative Chronotropic Effects and Coronary Ischaemic Abnormalities Following Thalidomide Therapy","volume":"125","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.021","article-title":"Management of Acute and Recurrent Pericarditis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"75","author":"Chiabrando","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz026","article-title":"Cardiovascular Toxicities Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"115","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2022.02.012","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction: Optimizing Radiation Delivery and Postradiation Care","volume":"18","author":"Pedersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv319","article-title":"2015 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Infective Endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)","volume":"36","author":"Habib","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab395","article-title":"2021 ESC\/EACTS Guidelines for the Management of Valvular Heart Disease","volume":"43","author":"Vahanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv008","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv008","article-title":"Risk of Valvular Heart Disease after Treatment for Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"107","author":"Cutter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00759-9","article-title":"Asymptomatic Cardiac Disease Following Mediastinal Irradiation","volume":"42","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(03)00546-0","article-title":"Echocardiographic Features of Radiation-Associated Valvular Disease","volume":"92","author":"Hering","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac237","article-title":"2022 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"43","author":"Humbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.079921","article-title":"Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Patients Treated by Dasatinib","volume":"125","author":"Montani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2017","article-title":"Role of Serum Biomarkers in Cancer Patients Receiving Cardiotoxic Cancer Therapies: A Position Statement from the Cardio-Oncology Study Group of the Heart Failure Association and the Cardio-Oncology Council of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"22","author":"Pudil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.1018","article-title":"The Usefulness of D-Dimer in Diagnosis and Prediction of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Abdominal Malignancy","volume":"89","author":"Kwietniak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. Przegl. Chir."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1494","article-title":"Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Practical Guidance on the Use of Natriuretic Peptide Concentrations","volume":"21","author":"Mueller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.48","article-title":"High-Sensitivity Assays for Troponin in Patients with Cardiac Disease","volume":"14","author":"Westermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.046","article-title":"Recommendations for Institutions Transitioning to High-Sensitivity Troponin Testing: JACC Scientific Expert Panel","volume":"73","author":"Januzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.019","article-title":"Arginine-Nitric Oxide Metabolites and Cardiac Dysfunction in Patients With Breast Cancer","volume":"70","author":"Finkelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.11.013","article-title":"Early Changes in Cardiovascular Biomarkers with Contemporary Thoracic Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer, Lung Cancer, and Lymphoma","volume":"103","author":"Demissei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309004","article-title":"Baseline Immunoglobulin E Levels as a Marker of Doxorubicin- and Trastuzumab-Associated Cardiac Dysfunction","volume":"119","author":"Beer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6994","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14355","article-title":"Circulating MiR-1 as a Potential Biomarker of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Breast Cancer Patients","volume":"8","author":"Rigaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.10.006","article-title":"Biomarkers of Aortic Diseases","volume":"165","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872616652309","article-title":"Editor\u2019s Choice-Biomarkers of Acute Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.08.011","article-title":"Glycogen Phosphorylase BB in Myocardial Infarction","volume":"438","author":"Dobric","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-014-1825-9","article-title":"L-Arginine and Its Metabolites in Kidney and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"46","author":"Popolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2017.09.007","article-title":"Heart-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein in Cardiovascular Disease: A Systemic Review","volume":"474","author":"Otaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc8587","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abc8587","article-title":"Evidence for a Protective Role of Placental Growth Factor in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2022.02.026","article-title":"Soluble Fms-like Tyrosine Kinase-1 (SFlt-1) Is Associated with Subclinical and Clinical Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: The Dallas Heart Study","volume":"346","author":"Mauricio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq167","article-title":"Circulating MicroRNAs Are New and Sensitive Biomarkers of Myocardial Infarction","volume":"31","author":"Devanna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2017","article-title":"Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in Cancer Patients Receiving Cardiotoxic Therapies: A Position Statement on Behalf of the H Eart F Ailure A Ssociation (HFA), the E Uropean A Ssociation of C Ardiovascular I Maging (EACVI) and the Cardio-Oncology C Ouncil of the E Uropean S Ociety of C Ardiology (ESC)","volume":"22","author":"Pudil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.2952","article-title":"Assessment of Prognostic Value of Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain for Early Prediction of Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Oikonomou","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.05.003","article-title":"ACCF\/ASE\/ACEP\/ASNC\/SCAI\/SCCT\/SCMR 2007 Appropriateness Criteria for Transthoracic and Transesophageal Echocardiography: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness Criteria Working Group, American Society of Echocardiography, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians and the Society of Critical Care Medicine","volume":"50","author":"Douglas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1053\/euje.2000.0066","article-title":"Recommendations for Performing Transesophageal Echocardiography","volume":"2","author":"Flachskampf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx095","article-title":"2017 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases, in Collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): Document Covering Atherosclerotic Disease of Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral, Mesenteric, Renal, Upper and Lower Extremity ArteriesEndorsed by: The European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS)","volume":"39","author":"Aboyans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e334","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001106","article-title":"2022 ACC\/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association\/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"146","author":"Isselbacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02381-0","article-title":"Comparison of Interstudy Reproducibility of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance with Two-Dimensional Echocardiography in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Heart Failure or Left Ventricular Hypertrophy","volume":"90","author":"Grothues","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2021.01.001","article-title":"Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Heart Failure","volume":"17","author":"Contaldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.06.004","article-title":"Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in the Oncology Patient","volume":"11","author":"Jordan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.000899","article-title":"Cardiac MRI in the Assessment of Cardiac Injury and Toxicity from Cancer Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"Thavendiranathan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.046","article-title":"Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Identify Early Stages of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity","volume":"73","author":"Lobo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034497","article-title":"Myocarditis in the Setting of Cancer Therapeutics: Proposed Case Definitions for Emerging Clinical Syndromes in Cardio-Oncology","volume":"140","author":"Bonaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4250\/jcvi.2019.27.e9","article-title":"Contemporary Imaging Diagnosis of Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007829","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007829","article-title":"Assessment of Cardiac Masses by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Histological Correlation and Clinical Outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Mousavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"270","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Detect Cardiovascular Effects of Cancer Therapy: JACC CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"2","author":"Harries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardio Oncol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2022.02.007","article-title":"Cardiovascular Imaging in Cardio-Oncology: The Role of Echocardiography and Cardiac MRI in Modern Cardio-Oncology","volume":"18","author":"Gambril","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-019-01671-6","article-title":"Nuclear Cardiology in the Context of Multimodality Imaging to Detect Cardiac Toxicity from Cancer Therapeutics: Established and Emerging Methods","volume":"27","author":"Soufer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.1180","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease after Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment: 40-Year Disease Risk","volume":"175","author":"Schaapveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu130","article-title":"Screening for Coronary Artery Disease after Mediastinal Irradiation in Hodgkin Lymphoma Survivors: Phase II Study of Indication and Acceptance\u2020","volume":"25","author":"Krol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.007","article-title":"64-Slice Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography in Patients with High, Intermediate, or Low Pretest Probability of Significant Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"50","author":"Meijboom","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.06.003","article-title":"Multi-Modality Imaging in the Assessment of Cardiovascular Toxicity in the Cancer Patient","volume":"11","author":"Plana","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz425","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes","volume":"41","author":"Knuuti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx393","article-title":"2017 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation: The Task Force for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"39","author":"Ibanez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv318","article-title":"2015 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Endorsed by: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"36","author":"Adler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.2019.0018","article-title":"[2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension]","volume":"77","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa612","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation Developed in Collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"42","author":"Hindricks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"544","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation","volume":"74","author":"Collet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/4\/1612\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:39:30Z","timestamp":1760121570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/4\/1612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12041612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12041612","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]}}}