{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:54:23Z","timestamp":1760147663111,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is limited information describing the hospital outcomes of COVID-19 patients in regard to specific body mass index (BMI) categories. Methods: We utilized the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2020 database to collect information on patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in the United States. Using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) coding system, adult patients (\u226518 years of age) with a primary hospitalization for COVID-19 were identified. Adjusted analyses were performed to assess for mortality, morbidity, and resource utilization, and compare the outcomes among patients categorized according to BMI. Results: A total of 305,284 patients were included in this study. Of them, 248,490 had underlying obesity, defined as BMI \u2265 30. The oldest patients were observed to have BMI &lt; 19, while youngest patients were in the BMI &gt; 50 category. BMI &lt; 19 category had the highest crude in-hospital mortality rate. However, after adjusted regression, patients with BMI &gt; 50 (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.63, 95% CI 1.48\u20131.79, p-value &lt; 0.001) had the highest increased odds, at 63%, of in-hospital mortality compared to all other patients in the study. Patients with BMI &gt; 50 also had the highest increased odds of needing invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and mortality associated with IMV compared to all other patient, by 37% and 61%, respectively. Obese patients were noted to have shorter average hospital length of stay (LOS), by 1.07 days, compared to non-obese patients, but there was no significant difference in average hospitalization charges. Conclusion: Among obese patients primarily hospitalized with COVID-19, those with BMI \u2265 40 had significantly increased rates of all-cause in-hospital mortality, need for IMV, mortality associated with IMV, and septic shock. Overall, obese patients had shorter average hospital LOS, however, did not have significantly higher hospitalization charges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:02:09Z","timestamp":1676858529000},"page":"1617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association between Body Mass Index and Hospital Outcomes for COVID-19 Patients: A Nationwide Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9539-5583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleed","family":"Khokher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saffa","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Kansas St Francis Health, Topeka, KS 66606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8727-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Abrahamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azizullah","family":"Beran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 47405, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0031-7150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziad","family":"Abuhelwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakin","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Mercy Catholic Medical Center, Darby, PA 19153, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyder","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University, McHenry Hospital, McHenry, IL 60050, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadik","family":"Khuder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Public Health, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ragheb","family":"Assaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3100","article-title":"Every Body Counts: Measuring Mortality from the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"173","author":"Kiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. 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