{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:39:09Z","timestamp":1790689149990,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Idorsia)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While evidence supports the benefits of medications for the treatment of chronic insomnia, there is ongoing debate regarding their appropriate duration of use. A panel of sleep experts conducted a clinical appraisal regarding the use of insomnia medications, as it relates to the evidence supporting the focus statement, \u201cNo insomnia medication should be used on a daily basis for durations longer than 3 weeks at a time\u201d. The panelists\u2019 assessment was also compared to findings from a national survey of practicing physicians, psychiatrists, and sleep specialists. Survey respondents revealed a wide range of opinions regarding the appropriateness of using the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications for the treatment of insomnia lasting more than 3 weeks. After discussion of the literature, the panel unanimously agreed that some classes of insomnia medications, such as non-benzodiazepines hypnotics, have been shown to be effective and safe for long-term use in the appropriate clinical setting. For eszopiclone, doxepin, ramelteon and the newer class of dual orexin receptor antagonists, the FDA label does not specify that their use should be of a limited duration. Thus, an evaluation of evidence supporting the long-term safety and efficacy of newer non-benzodiazepine hypnotics is timely and should be considered in practice recommendations for the duration of pharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:02:09Z","timestamp":1676858529000},"page":"1629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Long-Term Use of Insomnia Medications: An Appraisal of the Current Clinical and Scientific Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6296-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phyllis C.","family":"Zee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4627-8871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Bertisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles M.","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Cervo Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Pelayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Sleep Medicine Center, Redwood City, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4870-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel F.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Winkelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Krystal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2008.02.001","article-title":"Insomnia: Prevalence, Impact, Pathogenesis, Differential Diagnosis, and Evaluation","volume":"3","author":"Mai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Med. 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