{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:34:37Z","timestamp":1777512877737,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hallym University Research Fund 2020","award":["HURF-2020-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HURF-2020-40"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Studies on development of an anal incontinence (AI) model targeting smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the internal anal sphincter (IAS) have not been reported. The differentiation of implanted human adipose-derived stem cells (hADScs) into SMCs in an IAS-targeting AI model has also not been demonstrated. We aimed to develop an IAS-targeting AI animal model and to determine the differentiation of hADScs into SMCs in an established model. Materials and Methods: The IAS-targeting AI model was developed by inducing cryoinjury at the inner side of the muscular layer via posterior intersphincteric dissection in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. Dil-stained hADScs were implanted at the IAS injury site. Multiple markers for SMCs were used to confirm molecular changes before and after cell implantation. Analyses were performed using H&amp;E, immunofluorescence, Masson\u2019s trichrome staining, and quantitative RT\u2013PCR. Results: Impaired smooth muscle layers accompanying other intact layers were identified in the cryoinjury group. Specific SMC markers, including SM22\u03b1, calponin, caldesmon, SMMHC, smoothelin, and SDF-1 were significantly decreased in the cryoinjured group compared with levels in the control group. However, CoL1A1 was increased significantly in the cryoinjured group. In the hADSc-treated group, higher levels of SMMHC, smoothelin, SM22\u03b1, and \u03b1-SMA were observed at two weeks after implantation than at one week after implantation. Cell tracking revealed that Dil-stained cells were located at the site of augmented SMCs. Conclusions: This study first demonstrated that implanted hADSc restored impaired SMCs at the injury site, showing stem cell fate corresponding to the established IAS-specific AI model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:02:09Z","timestamp":1676858529000},"page":"1632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells into Smooth Muscle Cells in an Internal Anal Sphincter-Targeting Anal Incontinence Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1984-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minsung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo-Young","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Seon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dogeon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6922-7383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Rin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wook","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong Wan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Dontan Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Hwaseong-si 18450, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1781-9189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Il Tae","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Hallym Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v10.i7.82","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for faecal incontinence: Current state and future perspectives","volume":"10","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. 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