{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:24:00Z","timestamp":1789647840438,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intravenous induction or loading dose in children is commonly prescribed per kilogram. That dose recognizes the linear relationship between volume of distribution and total body weight. Total body weight comprises both fat and fat-free mass. Fat mass influences the volume of distribution and the use of total body weight fails to recognize the impact of fat mass on pharmacokinetics in children. Size metrics alternative to total body mass (e.g., fat-free and normal fat mass, ideal body weight and lean body weight) have been proposed to scale pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance, volume of distribution) for size. Clearance is the key parameter used to calculate infusion rates or maintenance dosing at steady state. Dosing schedules recognize the curvilinear relationship, described using allometric theory, between clearance and size. Fat mass also has an indirect influence on clearance through both metabolic and renal function that is independent of its effects due to increased body mass. Fat-free mass, lean body mass and ideal body mass are not drug specific and fail to recognize the variable impact of fat mass contributing to body composition in children, both lean and obese. Normal fat mass, used in conjunction with allometry, may prove a useful size metric but computation by clinicians for the individual child is not facile. Dosing is further complicated by the need for multicompartment models to describe intravenous drug pharmacokinetics and the concentration effect relationship, both beneficial and adverse, is often poorly understood. Obesity is also associated with other morbidity that may also influence pharmacokinetics. Dose is best determined using pharmacokinetic\u2013pharmacodynamic (PKPD) models that account for these varied factors. These models, along with covariates (age, weight, body composition), can be incorporated into programmable target-controlled infusion pumps. The use of target-controlled infusion pumps, assuming practitioners have a sound understanding of the PKPD within programs, provide the best available guide to intravenous dose in obese children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:02:09Z","timestamp":1676858529000},"page":"1642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Considerations for Intravenous Anesthesia Dose in Obese Children: Understanding PKPD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7500-0062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Denzil","family":"Morse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Ignacio","family":"Cortinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Anestesiolog\u00eda, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2826-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian Joseph","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Park Road, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Auckland Children\u2019s Hospital, Park Road, Private Bag 92024, Auckland 1023, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.2093","article-title":"Drug Disposition in Subjects With Obesity: The Research Work of Darrell R. 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