{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:23:33Z","timestamp":1792106613403,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to validate the hypothesis that intra-articular injections into the inferior temporomandibular joint compartment are more efficient than analogous superior compartment interventions. Publications reporting differences between the above-mentioned techniques in the domains of revealing articular pain, decreasing the Helkimo index, and abolishing mandibular mobility limitation were included. Medical databases covered by the Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Scopus engines were searched. The risk of bias was assessed using dedicated Cochrane tools (RoB2, ROBINS-I). The results were visualized with tables, charts, and a funnel plot. Six reports describing five studies with a total of 342 patients were identified. Of these, four trials on a total of 337 patients were qualified for quantitative synthesis. Each eligible report was at moderate risk of bias. From 19% to 51% improvement in articular pain, 12\u201320% lower Helkimo index, and 5\u201317% higher maximum mouth opening were observed. The evidence was limited by the small number of eligible studies, discrepancies regarding the substances used, possible biases, and the differences in observation times and scheduled follow-up visits. Despite the above, the advantage of inferior over superior compartment temporomandibular joint intra-articular injections is unequivocal and encourages further research in this direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T02:02:09Z","timestamp":1676858529000},"page":"1664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Intra-Articular Injections into the Inferior versus Superior Compartment of the Temporomandibular Joint: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6199-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5113-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8075-9989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Turosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawi\u0144ska 8, 31-066 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3348-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4497-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Chlubek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speksnijder, C.M., Mutsaers, N.E.A., and Walji, S. (2022). Functioning of the Masticatory System in Patients with an Alloplastic Total Temporomandibular Joint Prostheses Compared with Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Study. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12122073"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobe, S., Ishiyama, H., Nishiyama, A., Miyazono, K., Kimura, H., and Fueki, K. (2022). Effects of Jaw-Opening Exercises with\/without Pain for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416840"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11282-021-00524-8","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of temporomandibular disc and masseter muscle with shear wave elastography","volume":"38","author":"Habibi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2015.1123844","article-title":"MRI assessment of temporomandibular disc position among various mandibular positions: A pilot study","volume":"35","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"CRANIO\u00ae"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2022.10.002","article-title":"Evaluation of prevalence of temporomandibular disorders based on DC\/TMD Axis I diagnosis in Turkish population and correlation with Axis II","volume":"124","author":"Yildiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikora, M., Sielski, M., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Nowak, Z., Czerwi\u0144ska-Niezabitowska, B., and Chlubek, D. (2022). Repeated Intra-Articular Administration of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Clinical Case Series. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154281"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"3","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with temporomandibular disorders. A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Bitiniene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stomatologija"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC\/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: Recommendations of the International RDC\/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group\u2020","volume":"28","author":"Schiffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419893823","article-title":"International Classification of Orofacial Pain, 1st edition (ICOP)","volume":"40","author":"Pigg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwaszenko, S., Munk, J., Baron, S., and Smoli\u0144ski, A. (2021). New Method for Analysis of the Temporomandibular Joint Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093070"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.12.007","article-title":"Efficiency of arthroscopic lysis and lavage for internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint correlated with Wilkes classification","volume":"106","author":"Smolka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5481365","article-title":"Diagnosis of Temporomandibular Disorders Using Thermovision Imaging","volume":"2020","author":"Machoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turosz, N., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska, K., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Kami\u0144ska, M., Nowak, Z., Sikora, M., and Chlubek, D. (2022). A Scoping Review of the Use of Pioglitazone in the Treatment of Temporo-Mandibular Joint Arthritis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416518"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00250","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma Intramuscular Injections\u2014Antinociceptive Therapy in Myofascial Pain Within Masseter Muscles in Temporomandibular Disorders Patients: A Pilot Study","volume":"10","author":"Kempa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowak, Z., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Nitecka-Buchta, A., Bulanda, S., Ilczuk-Rypu\u0142a, D., Postek-Stefa\u0144ska, L., and Baron, S. (2021). Intramuscular Injections and Dry Needling within Masticatory Muscles in Management of Myofascial Pain. Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189552"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulesa-Mrowiecka, M., Piech, J., and Ga\u017adzik, T.S. (2021). The Effectiveness of Physical Therapy in Patients with Generalized Joint Hypermobility and Concurrent Temporomandibular Disorders\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173808"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowgierd, K., Pokrowiecki, R., Kulesa Mrowiecka, M., Dowgierd, M., Wo\u015b, J., Szymor, P., Kozakiewicz, M., Lipowicz, A., Roman, M., and My\u015bliwiec, A. (2022). Protocol for Multi-Stage Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis in Children and Adolescents. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020428"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5793","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.908821","article-title":"Clinical Outcome of Sodium Hyaluronate Injection into the Superior and Inferior Joint Space for Osteoarthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint Evaluated by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Study of 51 Patients and 56 Joints","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"123","article-title":"Physiotherapy in hypomobility of temporomandibular joints","volume":"60","author":"Byra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Folia Med. Cracov."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikora, M., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Nowak, Z., and Chlubek, D. (2021). Variants and Modifications of the Retroauricular Approach Using in Temporomandibular Joint Surgery: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102049"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Sikora, M., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska, K., Nowak, Z., and Chlubek, D. (2022). The Administration of Hyaluronic Acid into the Temporomandibular Joints\u2019 Cavities Increases the Mandible\u2019s Mobility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071901"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2018.09.003","article-title":"Effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma injection in patients with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"127","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2606","article-title":"Arthrocentesis of the Temporomandibular Joint: Systematic Review and Clinical Implications of Research Findings","volume":"35","author":"Manfredini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"332","article-title":"Techniques and modifications for TMJ arthrocentesis: A literature review","volume":"36","year":"2017","journal-title":"CRANIO\u00ae"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manafikhi, M., Ataya, J., and Heshmeh, O. (2022). Evaluation of the efficacy of platelet rich fibrin (I-PRF) intra-articular injections in the management of internal derangements of temporomandibular joints\u2014A controlled preliminary prospective clinical study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05421-7"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska, K., Turosz, N., Kami\u0144ska, M., Nowak, Z., Sikora, M., and Chlubek, D. (2022). Autologous Stem Cells Transplants in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joints Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172709"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derwich, M., Mitus-Kenig, M., and Pawlowska, E. (2021). Mechanisms of Action and Efficacy of Hyaluronic Acid, Corticosteroids and Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis\u2014A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147405"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska, K., Nowak, Z., Sikora, M., and Chlubek, D. (2022). Treatment of Mandibular Hypomobility by Injections into the Temporomandibular Joints: A Systematic Review of the Substances Used. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092305"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.02.026","article-title":"Is Arthrocentesis Plus Platelet-Rich Plasma Superior to Arthrocentesis Alone in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis? A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"73","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikora, M., Czerwi\u0144ska-Niezabitowska, B., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M.A., Sielski, M., and Chlubek, D. (2020). Short-Term Effects of Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid Administration in Patients with Temporomandibular Joint Disorders. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061749"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2021.01.019","article-title":"Is there a difference in treatment effect of different intra-articular drugs for temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"50","author":"Liapaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94119-2","article-title":"Efficacy of hypertonic dextrose injection (prolotherapy) in temporomandibular joint dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Sit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2014.12.018","article-title":"Comparative study in patients with symptomatic internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint: Analgesic outcomes of arthrocentesis with or without intra-articular morphine and tramadol","volume":"53","author":"Sipahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e351","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of Methylprednisolone Acetate, Sodium Hyaluronate and Tenoxicam in the treatment of non-reducing disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint","volume":"23","author":"Ogul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Oral"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1194616","article-title":"Effect of methylprednisolone, hyaluronic acid and pioglitazone on histological remodeling of temporomandibular joint cartilage in rabbits affected by drug-induced osteoarthritis","volume":"70","author":"Trybek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postep. Hig. Med. Dosw (Online)"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebdp.2022.101720","article-title":"Effectiveness of Intra-Articular Injections of Sodium Hyaluronate, Corticosteroids, Platelet-Rich Plasma on Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Evid.-Based Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2020.06.020","article-title":"Imaging of the temporomandibular joint","volume":"76","author":"Whyte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2007.02.002","article-title":"Anatomy of the Temporomandibular Joint","volume":"28","author":"Alomar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Ultrasound CT MRI"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-017-1023-x","article-title":"Arthroscopy of the Inferior Compartment of the Temporomandibular Joint: A New Perspective","volume":"17","author":"Monje","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikora, M., Sielski, M., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska, K., Czerwi\u0144ska-Niezabitowska, B., and Chlubek, D. (2022). Patient-Reported Quality of Life versus Physical Examination in Treating Temporomandibular Disorders with Intra-Articular Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections: An Open-Label Clinical Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013299"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2014.08.034","article-title":"Osteoarthritic Changes After Superior and Inferior Joint Space Injection of Hyaluronic Acid for the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis with Anterior Disc Displacement Without Reduction: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Evaluation","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.04.009","article-title":"Inferior or Double Joint Spaces Injection Versus Superior Joint Space Injection for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132369","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/132369","article-title":"Evaluation of Pain Regression in Patients with Temporomandibular Dysfunction Treated by Intra-Articular Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections: A Preliminary Report","volume":"2014","author":"Pihut","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.09.002","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided versus blind temporomandibular joint injections: A pilot cadaveric evaluation","volume":"48","author":"Cha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.22.4.8181650","article-title":"A technique for the accurate administration of corticosteroids in the temporomandibular joint","volume":"22","author":"Ahlqvist","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.10.039","article-title":"Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Surgical Access to the Temporomandibular Joint: A Preliminary Report","volume":"64","author":"Yeung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21781-5","article-title":"Viscosupplementation in the upper and lower compartments of the temporomandibular joint checked by ultrasonography in an ex vivo and in vivo study","volume":"12","author":"Januzzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2018.07.022","article-title":"Change of site of intra-articular injection of hypertonic dextrose resulted in different effects of treatment","volume":"56","author":"Fouda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"30","article-title":"Lower joint cavity treatment of temporomandibular joint with anterior disc displacement without reduction","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.09.014","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of Superior and Inferior Temporomandibular Joint Space Injection with Hyaluronic Acid in Treatment of Anterior Disc Displacement Without Reduction","volume":"67","author":"Long","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"63","article-title":"An outcome analysis of two methods of intra-capsular injection of prednisolone for temporomandibular disorders","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Prim. Med. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"14","article-title":"Observation of the therapeutic effects on TMD by injection HA into both superior and inferior temporomandibular joint cavities","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dent. Prev. Treat"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.11.030","article-title":"Methodological Limitations of a Systematic Review Evaluating Inferior or Double Joint Spaces Injection Versus Superior Joint Space Injection for Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"70","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.12.010","article-title":"Reply to Dr Shanil Ebrahim on Inferior or Double Joint Spaces Injection Versus Superior Joint Space Injection for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Otero, P., Scott, P., Martin, S.Z., and Huesing, E. (2022). Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, IOS Press."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-014-0579-0","article-title":"PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: A comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews","volume":"14","author":"Methley","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Heal. Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2018.345","article-title":"The impact of patient, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) as a search strategy tool on literature search quality: A systematic review","volume":"106","author":"Eriksen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med Libr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2017.12.008","article-title":"Correlations between the Helkimo indices and the maximal mandibular excursion capacities of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders","volume":"23","author":"Leamari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"262","article-title":"Estimation of clinically important change for visual analog scales measuring chronic temporomandibular disorder pain","volume":"24","author":"Emshoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-022-04289-7","article-title":"Search where you will find most: Comparing the disciplinary coverage of 56 bibliographic databases","volume":"127","author":"Gusenbauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valizadeh, A., Moassefi, M., Nakhostin-Ansari, A., Hosseini Asl, S.H., Saghab Torbati, M., Aghajani, R., Maleki Ghorbani, Z., and Faghani, S. (2022). Abstract screening using the automated tool Rayyan: Results of effectiveness in three diagnostic test accuracy systematic reviews. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-022-01631-8"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014A web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.10.009","article-title":"Deduplicating records in systematic reviews: There are free, accurate automated ways to do so","volume":"152","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.05.152","article-title":"Comparative Study of Inferior Versus Superior Joint Space Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate in Patients with Anterior Disc Displacement Without Reduction of the Temporomandibular Joint: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"66","author":"Long","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd1959.38.1","article-title":"Clinical Assessment of the Pumping Technique in Treating TMJ Arthrosis with Closed Lock","volume":"38","author":"Ozawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nihon Univ. Sch. Dent."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2018.04.031","article-title":"Oral Glucosamine Hydrochloride Combined with Hyaluronate Sodium Intra-Articular Injection for Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"76","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5392538","article-title":"Effectiveness of Sequential Viscosupplementation in Temporomandibular Joint Internal Derangements and Symptomatology: A Case Series","volume":"2018","author":"Fonseca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiechens, B., Paschereit, S., Hampe, T., Wassmann, T., Gersdorff, N., and B\u00fcrgers, R. (2022). Changes in Maximum Mandibular Mobility Due to Splint Therapy in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10061070"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2020.0207","article-title":"Dextrose Prolotherapy Versus Lidocaine Injection for Temporomandibular Dysfunction: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"26","author":"Zarate","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.07.023","article-title":"Treatment of Temporomandibular Dysfunction with Hypertonic Dextrose Injection (Prolotherapy): A Randomized Controlled Trial with Long-term Partial Crossover","volume":"94","author":"Louw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.08.432","article-title":"Dextrose Prolotherapy for Chronic Temporomandibular Pain and Dysfunction: Results of a Pilot-Level Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"97","author":"Lam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zotti, F., Albanese, M., Rodella, L.F., and Nocini, P.F. (2019). Platelet-Rich Plasma in Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunctions: Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020277"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/4\/1664\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:36:37Z","timestamp":1760121397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/4\/1664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12041664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12041664","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]}}}