{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T12:37:10Z","timestamp":1771677430639,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer usually caused by asbestos exposure and associated with a very poor prognosis. After more than a decade without new therapeutic options, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) demonstrated superiority over standard chemotherapy, with improved overall survival in the first and later-line settings. However, a significant proportion of patients still do not derive benefit from ICIs, highlighting the need for new treatment strategies and predictive biomarkers of response. Combinations with chemo-immunotherapy or ICIs and anti-VEGF are currently being evaluated in clinical trials and might change the standard of care in the near future. Alternatively, some non-ICI immunotherapeutic approaches, such as mesothelin targeted CAR-T cells or denditric-cells vaccines, have shown promising results in early phases of trials and are still in development. Finally, immunotherapy with ICIs is also being evaluated in the peri-operative setting, in the minority of patients presenting with resectable disease. The goal of this review is to discuss the current role of immunotherapy in the management of malignant pleural mesothelioma, as well as promising future therapeutic directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T01:31:06Z","timestamp":1677115866000},"page":"1757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Evolving Role of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Maxime","family":"Borgeaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Department, University Hospital Geneva (HUG), 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Floryane","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Department, University Hospital Geneva (HUG), 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Friedlaender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Department, University Hospital Geneva (HUG), 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"},{"name":"Oncology Department, Clinique G\u00e9n\u00e9rale Beaulieu, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9383-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Lococo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0988-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Addeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Department, University Hospital Geneva (HUG), 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3595-7307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Minervini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, 6000 Lucerne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.04.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of mesothelioma of the pericardium and tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"27","author":"Mezei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. 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