{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:40:02Z","timestamp":1791067202290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Oradea"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac diseases form the lion\u2019s share of the global disease burden, owing to the paradigm shift to non-infectious diseases from infectious ones. The prevalence of CVDs has nearly doubled, increasing from 271 million in 1990 to 523 million in 2019. Additionally, the global trend for the years lived with disability has doubled, increasing from 17.7 million to 34.4 million over the same period. The advent of precision medicine in cardiology has ignited new possibilities for individually personalized, integrative, and patient-centric approaches to disease prevention and treatment, incorporating the standard clinical data with advanced \u201comics\u201d. These data help with the phenotypically adjudicated individualization of treatment. The major objective of this review was to compile the evolving clinically relevant tools of precision medicine that can help with the evidence-based precise individualized management of cardiac diseases with the highest DALY. The field of cardiology is evolving to provide targeted therapy, which is crafted as per the \u201comics\u201d, involving genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics, for deep phenotyping. Research for individualizing therapy in heart diseases with the highest DALY has helped identify novel genes, biomarkers, proteins, and technologies to aid early diagnosis and treatment. Precision medicine has helped in targeted management, allowing early diagnosis, timely precise intervention, and exposure to minimal side effects. Despite these great impacts, overcoming the barriers to implementing precision medicine requires addressing the economic, cultural, technical, and socio-political issues. Precision medicine is proposed to be the future of cardiovascular medicine and holds the potential for a more efficient and personalized approach to the management of cardiovascular diseases, contrary to the standardized blanket approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T01:37:52Z","timestamp":1677202672000},"page":"1799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Precision Medicine and the future of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Clinically Oriented Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0345-3876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yashendra","family":"Sethi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PearResearch, Dehradun 248001, India"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Government Doon Medical College, HNB Uttarakhand Medical Education University, Dehradun 248001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4702-8583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PearResearch, Dehradun 248001, India"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Himmatnagar 383001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirja","family":"Kaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PearResearch, Dehradun 248001, India"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Himmatnagar 383001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4002-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oroshay","family":"Kaiwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PearResearch, Dehradun 248001, India"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PearResearch, Dehradun 248001, India"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi 110001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arsalan","family":"Moinuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Health Researcher, School of Sports and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham GL50 4AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Government Doon Medical College, HNB Uttarakhand Medical Education University, Dehradun 248001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8867-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitesh","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7810-8925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Cavalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 310 Diseases and Injuries, 1990\u20132015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Vos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.052","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015","volume":"70","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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