{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:14:28Z","timestamp":1792678468535,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic growth (PTG) and specific traumatic events have been poorly explored in the literature focusing on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among healthcare workers (HWs) tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. In a large sample of Italian HWs, we investigated the kinds of traumatic events and whether PTG affects the risk of PTSD, along with its prevalence and features, during the first COVID-19 wave. COVID-19-related stressful events, Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and PTG Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF) scores were collected through an online survey. Out of 930 HWs included in the final sample, 257 (27.6%) received a provisional PTSD diagnosis based on IES-R scores. Events referring to the overall pandemic (40%) and to a threat to a family member (31%) were reported as the most stressful events. Female sex, previous mental disorders, job seniority, unusual exposure to sufferance and experiencing a threat to one\u2019s family significantly increased the provisional PTSD diagnosis\u2019 risk, while being a physician, the availability of personal protective equipment and moderate\/greater scores on the PTGI-SF spiritual change domain were found to be protective factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T02:04:11Z","timestamp":1677463451000},"page":"1862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic First Wave on Healthcare Workers: A New Perspective from Qualifying PTSD Criterion A to Assessing Post-Traumatic Growth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Camilla","family":"Gesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3812-4933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Cirnigliaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9959-1319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Achilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Cerioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7584-0547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Cafaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Boscacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Dell\u2019Osso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Department of Psychiatry, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"CRC \u201cAldo Ravelli\u201d for Neurotechnology & Experimental Brain Therapeutics, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Centro per lo Studio dei Meccanismi Molecolari alla Base delle Patologie Neuro-Psico-Geriatriche, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.026","article-title":"Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Pappa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. 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