{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T00:48:49Z","timestamp":1793753329017,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation (Ricerca Corrente 2019, and the 5\u2009\u00d7\u20091000 voluntary contributions, Italian Ministry of Health)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) are often associated with emotional-behavioral problems. Many studies highlighted a greater psychopathological risk in SLD, describing both internalizing and externalizing problems. The aims of this study were to investigate the emotional-behavioral phenotype through the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and evaluate the mediating role of background and cognitive characteristics on the relationship between CBCL profile and learning impairment in children and adolescents with SLD. One hundred and twenty-one SLD subjects (7\u201318 years) were recruited. Cognitive and academic skills were assessed, and parents completed the questionnaire CBCL 6\u201318. The results showed that about half of the subjects manifested emotional-behavioral problems with a prevalence of internalizing symptoms, such as anxiety and depression, over externalizing ones. Older children showed greater internalizing problems than younger ones. Males have greater externalizing problems compared to females. A mediation model analysis revealed that learning impairment is directly predicted by age and familiarity for neurodevelopmental disorders and indirectly via the mediation of the WISC-IV\/WAIS-IV Working Memory Index (WMI) by the CBCL Rule-Breaking Behavior scale. This study stresses the need to combine the learning and neuropsychological assessment with a psychopathological evaluation of children and adolescents with SLD and provides new interpretative insights on the complex interaction between cognitive, learning, and emotional-behavioral phenotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:02:32Z","timestamp":1678071752000},"page":"1882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Specific Learning Disabilities and Emotional-Behavioral Difficulties: Phenotypes and Role of the Cognitive Profile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4258-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Cristofani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3874-3611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Di Lieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Casalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7857-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Pecini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Baroncini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ottavia","family":"Pessina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Gasperini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Bianca","family":"Dasso Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariaelisa","family":"Bartoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Chilosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annarita","family":"Milone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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