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Therefore, determining the exact patellofemoral contact mechanism, as well as the factors leading to PFI, is of great importance. The present study compares in vivo patellofemoral kinematic parameters and the contact mechanism of volunteers with healthy knees and patients with low flexion patellofemoral instability (PFI). The study was performed with a high-resolution dynamic MRI. Material\/Methods: In a prospective cohort study, the patellar shift, patella rotation and the patellofemoral cartilage contact areas (CCA) of 17 patients with low flexion PFI were analyzed and compared with 17 healthy volunteers, matched via the TEA distance and sex, in unloaded and loaded conditions. MRI scans were carried out for 0\u00b0, 15\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 knee flexion in a custom-designed knee loading device. To suppress motion artifacts, motion correction was performed using a moir\u00e9 phase tracking system with a tracking marker attached to the patella. The patellofemoral kinematic parameters and the CCA was calculated on the basis of semi-automated cartilage and bone segmentation and registrations. Results: Patients with low flexion PFI showed a significant reduction in patellofemoral CCA for 0\u00b0 (unloaded: p = 0.002, loaded: p = 0.004), 15\u00b0 (unloaded: p = 0.014, loaded: p = 0.001) and 30\u00b0 (unloaded: p = 0.008; loaded: p = 0.001) flexion compared to healthy subjects. Additionally, patients with PFI revealed a significantly increased patellar shift when compared to volunteers with healthy knees at 0\u00b0 (unloaded: p = 0.033; loaded: p = 0.031), 15\u00b0 (unloaded: p = 0.025; loaded: p = 0.014) and 30\u00b0 flexion (unloaded: p = 0.030; loaded: p = 0.034) There were no significant differences for patella rotation between patients with PFI and the volunteers, except when, under load at 0\u00b0 flexion, PFI patients showed increased patellar rotation (p = 0.005. The influence of quadriceps activation on the patellofemoral CCA is reduced in patients with low flexion PFI. Conclusion: Patients with PFI showed different patellofemoral kinematics at low flexion angles in both unloaded and loaded conditions compared to volunteers with healthy knees. Increased patellar shifts and decreased patellofemoral CCAs were observed in low flexion angles. The influence of the quadriceps muscle is diminished in patients with low flexion PFI. Therefore, the goal of patellofemoral stabilizing therapy should be to restore a physiologic contact mechanism and improve patellofemoral congruity for low flexion angles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T06:09:52Z","timestamp":1677564592000},"page":"1917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Change in Descriptive Kinematic Parameters of Patients with Patellofemoral Instability When Compared to Individuals with Healthy Knees\u2014A 3D MRI In Vivo Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9466-2157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Siegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetter Stra\u00dfe 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetter Stra\u00dfe 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Taghizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Max-von-Laue-Str. 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetter Stra\u00dfe 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tayfun","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetter Stra\u00dfe 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7557-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Meine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Max-von-Laue-Str. 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagen","family":"Schmal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetter Stra\u00dfe 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Odense, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Physics, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Killianstrasse 5a, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8796-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaywan","family":"Izadpanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Freiburg University Hospital, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetter Stra\u00dfe 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098890","article-title":"Risk Factors for Patellofemoral Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"53","author":"Neal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. 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