{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T17:47:57Z","timestamp":1782409677502,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Remondi Foundation"},{"name":"Rich Robbins, Larry Bowman, and the Bertarelli Foundation Endowed Professorship (KMS)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF\u03b1) may promote neuroinflammation prompting tinnitus. This retrospective cohort study evaluated whether anti-TNF\u03b1 therapy influences incident tinnitus risk among adults with autoimmune disorders and no baseline tinnitus selected from a US electronic health records database (Eversana; 1 January 2010\u201327 January 2022). Patients with anti-TNF\u03b1 had \u226590-day history pre-index (first autoimmune disorder diagnosis) and \u2265180-day follow-up post-index. Random samples (n = 25,000) of autoimmune patients without anti-TNF\u03b1 were selected for comparisons. Tinnitus incidence was compared among patients with or without anti-TNF\u03b1 therapy, overall and among at-risk age groups or by anti-TNF\u03b1 category. High-dimensionality propensity score (hdPS) matching was used to adjust for baseline confounders. Compared with patients with no anti-TNF\u03b1, anti-TNF\u03b1 was not associated with tinnitus risk overall (hdPS-matched HR [95% CI]: 1.06 [0.85, 1.33]), or between groups stratified by age (30\u201350 years: 1 [0.68, 1.48]; 51\u201370 years: 1.18 [0.89, 1.56]) or anti-TNF\u03b1 category (monoclonal antibody vs. fusion protein: 0.91 [0.59, 1.41]). Anti-TNF\u03b1 was not associated with tinnitus risk among those treated for \u22656 months (hdPS-matched HR [95% CI]: 0.96 [0.69, 1.32]) or \u226512 (1.03 [0.71, 1.5]), or those with RA (1.16 [0.88, 1.53]). Thus, in this US cohort study, anti-TNF\u03b1 therapy was not associated with tinnitus incidence among patients with autoimmune disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T01:36:09Z","timestamp":1677634569000},"page":"1935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Associations of Tinnitus Incidence with Use of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitors among Patients with Autoimmune Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nirvikalpa","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 801 Welch Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"Batts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 801 Welch Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Gombar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atropos Health, 71 W 83rd St #3R., New York, NY 10024, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raj","family":"Manickam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atropos Health, 71 W 83rd St #3R., New York, NY 10024, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Sagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 801 Welch Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0282-0822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon G.","family":"Curhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantina M.","family":"Stankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 801 Welch Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 801 Welch Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA"},{"name":"Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, 288 Campus Dr, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2189","article-title":"Global prevalence and incidence of tinnitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Jarach","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-12-17-4420","article-title":"A review of tinnitus","volume":"47","author":"Esmaili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. 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