{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:39:22Z","timestamp":1792514362207,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a heterotopic ossification that may cause spinal cord compression. With the recent development of computed tomography (CT) imaging, it is known that patients with OPLL often have complications related to ossification of other spinal ligaments, and OPLL is now considered part of ossification of the spinal ligaments (OSL). OSL is known to be a multifactorial disease with associated genetic and environmental factors, but its pathophysiology has not been clearly elucidated. To elucidate the pathophysiology of OSL and develop novel therapeutic strategies, clinically relevant and validated animal models are needed. In this review, we focus on animal models that have been reported to date and discuss their pathophysiology and clinical relevance. The purpose of this review is to summarize the usefulness and problems of existing animal models and to help further the development of basic research on OSL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T01:39:21Z","timestamp":1677721161000},"page":"1958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Review of Basic Research about Ossification of the Spinal Ligaments Focusing on Animal Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Masato","family":"Ikuta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kaito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2758-7919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahito","family":"Fujimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0521-7598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayuki","family":"Kitahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Furuichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Bun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromasa","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Ukon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5977-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuya","family":"Kanie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Takenaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000791","article-title":"Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament of the Cervical Spine in 3161 Patients: A CT-Based Study","volume":"40","author":"Fujimori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00435420","article-title":"A Radiological Population Study on the Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament in the Spine","volume":"106","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. 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