{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:56:58Z","timestamp":1760147818344,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Centre for Research and Development","award":["STRATEGMED1\/234261\/2NCBR\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STRATEGMED1\/234261\/2NCBR\/2014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) progression with clinical characteristics, demographic, and environmental risk factors that would affect disease development. In addition, the influence of three genetic AMD polymorphisms (CFH Y402H, ARMS2 A69S, and PRPH2 c.582-67T&gt;A) on AMD progression was investigated. In total, 94 participants with previously diagnosed early or intermediate AMD in at least one eye were recalled for an updated re-evaluation after 3 years. The initial visual outcomes, medical history, retinal imaging data, and choroidal imaging data were collected to characterize the AMD disease status. Among the AMD patients, 48 demonstrated AMD progression, and 46 showed no disease worsening at 3 years. Disease progression was significantly associated with worse initial visual acuity (OR = 6.74, 95% CI = 1.24-36.79, p = 0.03) and the presence of the wet AMD subtype in fellow eyes (OR = 3.79, 95%CI = 0.94-15.2, p = 0.05). In addition, a higher risk of AMD progression appeared in the patients with active thyroxine supplementation (OR = 4.77, CI = 1.25\u201318.25, p = 0.002). The CC variant of CFH Y402H was associated with AMD advancement compared to the TC+TT phenotype (OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 0.98\u20137.79, p = 0.05). Identifying risk factors of AMD progression may lead to earlier intervention and better outcomes, preventing the expansion of the late stage of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T01:39:21Z","timestamp":1677721161000},"page":"1963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Influence of Clinical and Genetic Factors on the Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A 3-Year Follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8410-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Krytkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zofia","family":"Ula\u0144czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Grabowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9415-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Safranow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi\u0142osz Piotr","family":"Kawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Pa\u0142ucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomed SA, 02-971 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0913-4497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"W\u0105sowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomed SA, 02-971 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Matczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomed SA, 02-971 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-760 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Boguszewska-Chachulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomed SA, 02-971 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Machali\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.05.035","article-title":"Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Europe: The Past and the Future","volume":"124","author":"Colijn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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