{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T06:18:42Z","timestamp":1766902722508,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Texas Alzheimer\u2019s Research and Care Consortium","award":["TARCC 2020-23-93-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TARCC 2020-23-93-II"]}]},{"name":"UTHealth Houston Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences","award":["TARCC 2020-23-93-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TARCC 2020-23-93-II"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Huntington\u2019s disease (HD) is a progressive and debilitating neurodegenerative disease. There is growing evidence for non-invasive neuromodulation tools as therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. This systematic review aims to investigate the effectiveness of noninvasive neuromodulation in HD-associated motor, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials, Embase, and PsycINFO from inception to 13 July 2021. Case reports, case series, and clinical trials were included while screening\/diagnostic tests involving non-invasive neuromodulation, review papers, experimental studies on animal models, other systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were excluded. We have identified 19 studies in the literature investigating the use of ECT, TMS, and tDCS in the treatment of HD. Quality assessments were performed using Joanna Briggs Institute\u2019s (JBI\u2019s) critical appraisal tools. Eighteen studies showed improvement of HD symptoms, but the results were very heterogeneous considering different intervention techniques and protocols, and domains of symptoms. The most noticeable improvement involved depression and psychosis after ECT protocols. The impact on cognitive and motor symptoms is more controversial. Further investigations are required to determine the therapeutic role of distinct neuromodulation techniques for HD-related symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12052002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T01:43:00Z","timestamp":1677807780000},"page":"2002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Non-Invasive Neuromodulation Methods to Alleviate Symptoms of Huntington\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lijin","family":"Jose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lais","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keya","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Medical Center Library, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6591-6648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9998-4876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyochol","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9621-5422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900907","article-title":"Targeting Huntingtin Expression in Patients with Huntington\u2019s Disease","volume":"380","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. 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