{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:39:45Z","timestamp":1778222385666,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myocardial infarction with Non Obstructive Coronary Arteries (MINOCA) is defined by patients presenting with signs and symptoms similar to acute myocardial infarction, but are found to have non-obstructive coronary arteries angiography. What was once considered a benign phenomenon, MINOCA has been proven to carry with it significant morbidity and worse mortality when compared to the general population. As the awareness for MINOCA has increased, guidelines have focused on this unique situation. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has proven to be an essential first step in the diagnosis of patients with suspected MINOCA. CMR has also been shown to be crucial when differentiating between MINOCA like presentations such as myocarditis, takotsubo and other forms of cardiomyopathy. The following review focuses on demographics of patients with MINOCA, their unique clinical presentation as well as the role of CMR in the evaluation of MINOCA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12052017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T02:06:43Z","timestamp":1678068403000},"page":"2017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of MINOCA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Justin A.","family":"Daneshrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Ordovas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Imaging, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilia M.","family":"Sierra-Galan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City 05348, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison G.","family":"Hays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamas A.","family":"Mamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele Cardiac Research Group, Institutes of Science and Technology in Medicine and Primary Care, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 2DE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Bucciarelli-Ducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guys\u2019 and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Purvi","family":"Parwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2012.02591.x","article-title":"Assessing patients with myocardial infarction and nonobstructed coronary arteries (MINOCA)","volume":"273","author":"Beltrame","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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