{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T23:22:19Z","timestamp":1768519339534,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Sharjah CoV-19","award":["0304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0304"]}]},{"name":"University of Sharjah CoV-19","award":["1914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1914"]}]},{"name":"University of Sharjah CoV-19","award":["2001090279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2001090279"]}]},{"name":"MBRU-AlMahmeed Research Award-ALM","award":["0304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0304"]}]},{"name":"MBRU-AlMahmeed Research Award-ALM","award":["1914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1914"]}]},{"name":"MBRU-AlMahmeed Research Award-ALM","award":["2001090279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2001090279"]}]},{"name":"University of Sharjah Collaborative","award":["0304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0304"]}]},{"name":"University of Sharjah Collaborative","award":["1914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1914"]}]},{"name":"University of Sharjah Collaborative","award":["2001090279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2001090279"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liver injury occurs frequently as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Direct infection of the liver leads to hepatic impairment with elevated transaminases. In addition, severe COVID-19 is characterized by cytokine release syndrome, which may initiate or exacerbate liver injury. In patients with cirrhosis, SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with acute-on-chronic liver failure. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is one of the world\u2019s regions characterized by a high prevalence of chronic liver diseases. Both parenchymal and vascular types of injury contribute to liver failure in COVID-19, with a myriad of pro-inflammatory cytokines playing a major role in perpetuating liver injury. Additionally, hypoxia and coagulopathy complicate such a condition. This review discusses the risk factors, and the underlying causes of impaired liver functions in COVID-19, with a focus on key players in the pathogenesis of liver injury. It also highlights the histopathological changes encountered in postmortem liver tissues as well as potential predictors and prognostic factors of such injury, in addition to the management strategies to ameliorate liver damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12052067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T05:18:43Z","timestamp":1678079923000},"page":"2067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Liver Injury Associated with COVID-19 Infection: Pathogenesis, Histopathology, Prognosis, and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3586-6731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noha Mousaad","family":"Elemam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5259-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iman M.","family":"Talaat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21131, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3310-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azzam A.","family":"Maghazachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9287-7621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha","family":"Saber-Ayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11956, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bamford, D.H., and Zuckerman, M. 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