{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:33Z","timestamp":1787028633107,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In adult intensive care, brain hypothermia therapy (BHT) was reported to be effective in neuroprotection after resuscitation and cardiac arrest. By contrast, in neonatal intensive care, the pathophysiology of brain damage caused by hypoxic\u2013ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is attributed to circulatory disturbances resulting from ischemia\/reperfusion, for which neonatal brain cryotherapy is used. The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, 2010, recommends cerebral cryotherapy for HIE associated with severe neonatal pseudoparenchyma death. The usefulness of BHT for neuroprotection in infants and children, especially in pediatric acute encephalopathy, is expected. Theoretically, BHT could be useful in basic medical science and animal experiments. However, there are limitations in clinical planning for treating pediatric acute encephalopathy. No international collaborative study has been conducted, and no clinical evidence exists for neuroprotection using BHT. In this review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of neuronal damage in hypoxic and hypoperfused brains; the history of BHT, its effects, and mechanisms of action; the success of BHT; cooling and monitoring methods of BHT; adverse reactions to BHT; literature on BHT. We will review the latest literature on targeted temperature management, which is used for maintaining and controlling body temperature in adults in intensive care. Finally, we will discuss the development of BHT and targeted temperature management as treatments for pediatric acute encephalopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T01:58:22Z","timestamp":1678240702000},"page":"2095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Brain Hypothermia Therapy and Targeted Temperature Management for Acute Encephalopathy in Children: Status and Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7691-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Imataka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6440-9110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Wake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigemi","family":"Yoshihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05907-4","article-title":"Updated nomenclature of delirium and acute encephalopathy: Statement of ten societies","volume":"46","author":"Slooter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2020.08.001","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute encephalopathy in childhood","volume":"43","author":"Mizuguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2011.07.012","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute encephalopathy in Japan, with emphasis on the association of viruses and syndromes","volume":"34","author":"Hoshino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2020.04.006","article-title":"Epidemiological changes of acute encephalopathy in Japan based on national surveillance for 2014\u20132017","volume":"42","author":"Kasai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imataka, G., Kuwashima, S., and Yoshihara, S. 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