{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:54:59Z","timestamp":1791618899771,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Valvular heart disease is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and a major contributor of symptoms and functional disability. Knowledge of valvular heart disease epidemiology and a deep comprehension of the geographical and temporal trends are crucial for clinical advances and the formulation of effective health policy for primary and secondary prevention. This review mainly focuses on the epidemiology of primary (organic, related to the valve itself) valvular disease and its management, especially emphasizing the importance of heart valve centers in ensuring the best care of patients through a multidisciplinary team.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T03:03:57Z","timestamp":1678676637000},"page":"2178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gloria","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Bursi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3247-3203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Faggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Moscardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Simeoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Guazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1777-2045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Lorusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), The Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5166-0899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Carugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7997-6908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pompilio","family":"Faggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiothoracic Department Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Via Leonida Bissolati 57, 25100 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab395","article-title":"2021 ESC\/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"43","author":"Vahanian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aluru, J.S., Barsouk, A., Saginala, K., Rawla, P., and Barsouk, A. (2022). Valvular Heart Disease Epidemiology. Med. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci10020032"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310718","article-title":"Clinical information has low sensitivity for postmortem diagnosis of heart valve disease","volume":"103","author":"Coffey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2019.05.176","article-title":"Echocardiography in Indigenous Populations and Resource Poor Settings","volume":"28","author":"Marangou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043391","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Calcific Aortic Valve and Degenerative Mitral Valve Diseases, 1990\u20132017","volume":"141","author":"Yadgir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab892","article-title":"European Society of Cardiology: Cardiovascular disease statistics 2021","volume":"43","author":"Timmis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.009","article-title":"The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors: 2020 and Beyond","volume":"74","author":"Mensah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, A.C., Drefahl, S., Ahlbom, A., Lambe, M., and Modig, K. (2020). Trends in life expectancy: Did the gap between the healthy and the ill widen or close?. BMC Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01514-z"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198632060-00004","article-title":"The treatment of heart failure. A methodological review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Guyatt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.05.014","article-title":"Epidemiology, risk factors, and opportunities for prevention of cardiovascular disease in individuals of South Asian ethnicity living in Europe","volume":"286","author":"Fedeli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/2150135117706340","article-title":"Status and Challenges of Care in Africa for Adults with Congenital Heart Defects","volume":"8","author":"Edwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr. Congenit. Heart Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy668","article-title":"Transcatheter heart valve interventions: Where are we? Where are we going?","volume":"40","author":"Prendergast","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac229","article-title":"Transcatheter interventions spark a paradigm change for management of patients with mixed valve disease","volume":"43","author":"Hahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00570-z","article-title":"Global epidemiology of valvular heart disease","volume":"18","author":"Coffey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(03)00201-X","article-title":"A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: The Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease","volume":"24","author":"Iung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"A17756","article-title":"Incidence and progression of aortic valve calcification among the elderly: A prospective analysis of the Age, Gene-Environment Susceptibility (AGES)-Reykjavik Study","volume":"126","author":"Kearney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000255952.47980.c2","article-title":"Aortic valve calcification: Determinants and progression in the population","volume":"27","author":"Bielak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Lyu, L., Shen, J., Pan, Y., Jing, J., Wang, Y.J., and Wei, T. (2022). Epidemiological study of calcified aortic valve stenosis in a Chinese community population. Postgrad. Med. J.","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj-2022-141721"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2057","article-title":"Aortic stenosis, transcatheter aortic valve replacement and transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis: Are we progressively unraveling the tangle?","volume":"23","author":"Rapezzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-020-01411-0","article-title":"Radiation-Associated Valvular Disease","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.015","article-title":"Aortic stenosis in the elderly: Disease prevalence and number of candidates for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A meta-analysis and modeling study","volume":"62","author":"Osnabrugge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011036","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011036","article-title":"Characteristics and Prognosis of Patients with Moderate Aortic Stenosis and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction","volume":"8","author":"Delesalle","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/14017431.2019.1685126","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of aortic stenosis and aortic sclerosis: A 21-year follow-up of middle-aged men","volume":"54","author":"Kontogeorgos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.025","article-title":"Association between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Aortic Stenosis: The Canheart Aortic Stenosis Study","volume":"69","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164118820657","article-title":"Aortic stenosis and diabetes mellitus: An ominous combination","volume":"16","author":"Banovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006044","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006044","article-title":"Prevalence and Outcomes of Left-Sided Valvular Heart Disease Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"6","author":"Samad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq596","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of aortic stenosis in end-stage kidney disease: A more fulminant process?","volume":"26","author":"Zentner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/0896860820941371","article-title":"Aortic stenosis in patients with kidney failure: Is there an advantage for a PD-first policy?","volume":"41","author":"Candellier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e72","article-title":"2020 ACC\/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"143","author":"Otto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912846","article-title":"Early Surgery or Conservative Care for Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis","volume":"382","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057639","article-title":"Aortic Valve ReplAcemenT versus Conservative Treatment in Asymptomatic SeveRe Aortic Stenosis: The Avatar Trial","volume":"145","author":"Banovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004481","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.116.004481","article-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty: A National Perspective","volume":"10","author":"Alkhouli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.021","article-title":"The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks: A Compass for Global Action","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310894","article-title":"Epidemiology of valvular heart disease in a Swedish nationwide hospital-based register study","volume":"103","author":"Andell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw229","article-title":"Large-scale community echocardiographic screening reveals a major burden of undiagnosed valvular heart disease in older people: The OxVALVE Population Cohort Study","volume":"37","author":"Coffey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2017.10.004","article-title":"Aortic Valve Regurgitation: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"43","author":"Akinseye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"238","article-title":"Valvular heart disease","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Griffin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Manual of Cardiovascular Medicine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp030912","article-title":"Aortic Regurgitation","volume":"351","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006075","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006075","article-title":"Expert Consensus Recommendations for the Suspicion and Diagnosis of Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"12","author":"Maurer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487320931630","article-title":"Determinants of aortic root dilatation over time in patients with essential hypertension: The Campania Salute Network","volume":"28","author":"Canciello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.08.1058","article-title":"Predictors of Progression in Patients with Stage B Aortic Regurgitation","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951120003200","article-title":"Aortic root dilation in a child with Marfan syndrome and mosaic Turner syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Groner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.02.035","article-title":"Aortic valve disease in Turner syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Sachdev","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.12.050","article-title":"Effect of Losartan or Atenolol on Children and Young Adults with Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Dilated Aorta","volume":"144","author":"Flyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht334","article-title":"Losartan reduces aortic dilatation rate in adults with Marfan syndrome: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Groenink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.21470\/1678-9741-2020-0514","article-title":"The Global Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease: Population-Related Differences (It is Not All the Same!)","volume":"35","author":"Antunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1724","article-title":"Five-year epidemiological survey of valvular heart disease: Changes in morbidity, etiological spectrum and management in a cardiovascular center of Southern China","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.45374","article-title":"Valvular heart disease in Indian subcontinent: Social issues","volume":"34","author":"Meenakshisundaram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Community Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70267-X","article-title":"The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases","volume":"5","author":"Carapetis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.21.2831","article-title":"Valvular dysfunction and carotid, subclavian, and coronary artery disease in survivors of hodgkin lymphoma treated with radiation therapy","volume":"290","author":"Hull","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90840-8","article-title":"Mitral annular calcification: Clinical, pathophysiology, and echocardiographic review","volume":"107","author":"Nestico","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.08.072","article-title":"Relationships of mitral annular calcification to cardiovascular risk factors: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"213","author":"Kanjanauthai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000058168.26163.BC","article-title":"Mitral annular calcification predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"107","author":"Fox","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.10.043","article-title":"Quantification of coronary atherosclerosis and inflammation to predict coronary events and all-cause mortality","volume":"57","author":"Mohlenkamp","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.300","article-title":"Markers of systemic inflammation predict survival in patients with advanced renal cell cancer","volume":"109","author":"Fox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.12.015","article-title":"Prevalence and Natural History of Mitral Annulus Calcification and Related Valve Dysfunction","volume":"97","author":"Kato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezzati, M.V.H.S., Lawes, C.M., Leach, R., James, W.P., Lopez, A.D., Rodgers, A., and Murray, C.J. (2005). Rethinking the \u201cdiseases of affluence\u201d paradigm: Global patterns of nutritional risks in relation to economic development. PLoS Med., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020133"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041080","article-title":"Contemporary Presentation and Management of Valvular Heart Disease: The EURObservational Research Programme Valvular Heart Disease II Survey","volume":"140","author":"Iung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1157\/13096587","article-title":"Influencia del sexo en la etiolog\u00eda de la insuficiencia mitral [Influence of gender on the etiology of mitral regurgitation]","volume":"59","author":"Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.539775","article-title":"NVRanvhde, management, and prevention in Africa","volume":"112","author":"Essop","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81648-z","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of mitral valve prolapse in military young adults in Taiwan of the CHIEF Heart Study","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz314","article-title":"Causes and mechanisms of isolated mitral regurgitation in the community: Clinical context and outcome","volume":"40","author":"Dziadzko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007171","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.007171","article-title":"Hemodynamic Characteristics in Significant Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Primary Mitral Valve Regurgitation at Rest and During Exercise","volume":"11","author":"Banke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007282","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.007282","article-title":"Exercise-Stress Echocardiography and Effort Intolerance in Asymptomatic\/Minimally Symptomatic Patients with Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation Combined Invasive-Noninvasive Hemodynamic Monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Utsunomiya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht250","article-title":"Impact of ageing on presentation and outcome of mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet: A multicentre international study","volume":"34","author":"Avierinos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx465","article-title":"The MIDA Mortality Risk Score: Development and external validation of a prognostic model for early and late death in degenerative mitral regurgitation","volume":"39","author":"Grigioni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009355","article-title":"Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation","volume":"364","author":"Feldman","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.018","article-title":"Randomized Comparison of Percutaneous Repair and Surgery for Mitral Regurgitation: 5-Year Results of EVEREST II","volume":"66","author":"Feldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.01.023","article-title":"Transcatheter or surgical repair for degenerative mitral regurgitation in elderly patients: A propensity-weighted analysis","volume":"158","author":"Buzzatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.09.015","article-title":"Outcomes with Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair in the United States: An STS\/ACC TVT Registry Report","volume":"70","author":"Sorajja","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.008","article-title":"Reply: Arrhythmic Mitral Annulus Disjunction and Mitral Valve Prolapse: Components of the Same Clinical Spectrum?","volume":"73","author":"Dejgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.04.029","article-title":"The Mitral Annular Disjunction of Mitral Valve Prolapse: Presentation and Outcome","volume":"14","author":"Essayagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14437","article-title":"Mitral annular disjunction: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"Bennett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeab022","article-title":"Prevalence and extent of mitral annular disjunction in structurally normal hearts: Comprehensive 3D analysis using cardiac computed tomography","volume":"22","author":"Toh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(81)90235-0","article-title":"The conduction system in mitral valve prolapse syndrome with sudden death","volume":"101","author":"Bharati","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2019-316238","article-title":"Secondary mitral regurgitation: Pathophysiology, proportionality and prognosis","volume":"106","author":"Chehab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.06.014","article-title":"Burden of Tricuspid Regurgitation in Patients Diagnosed in the Community Setting","volume":"12","author":"Topilsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.10.015","article-title":"Contemporary Etiologies, Outcomes, and Novel Risk Score for Isolated Tricuspid Regurgitation","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx391","article-title":"2017 ESC\/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"38","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2019.06.011","article-title":"Characteristics and prog- nosis of patients with significant tricuspid regur- gitation","volume":"112","author":"Bohbot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeaa286","article-title":"Right atrial volume is a major determinant of tricuspid annulus area in func- tional tricuspid regurgitation: A three-dimensional echocardiographic study","volume":"22","author":"Muraru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2018.09.028","article-title":"Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Lead-Induced Tricuspid Regurgitation","volume":"12","author":"Addetia","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AA40","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-17-00487","article-title":"Transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention: State of the art","volume":"13","author":"Taramasso","year":"2017","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.01.063","article-title":"Transcatheter Therapies for Treating Tricuspid Regurgitation","volume":"67","author":"Hahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1264","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-20-01107","article-title":"Tricuspid valve repair with the Cardioband system: Two-year outcomes of the multicentre, prospective TRI-REPAIR study","volume":"16","author":"Nickenig","year":"2021","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-21-00695","article-title":"Transcatheter treatment for tricuspid valve disease","volume":"17","author":"Praz","year":"2021","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2007.07.002","article-title":"Valvular heart disease in the community: A European experience","volume":"32","author":"Iung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac209","article-title":"Characteristics, management, and outcomes of patients with multiple native valvular heart disease: A substudy of the EURObservational Research Programme Valvular Heart Disease II Survey","volume":"43","author":"Tribouilloy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2019.09.002","article-title":"Aortic Stenosis with Other Concomitant Valvular Disease: Aortic Regurgitation, Mitral Regurgitation, Mitral Stenosis, or Tricuspid Regurgitation","volume":"38","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1093\/ejechocard\/jer147","article-title":"Acute left ventricle diastolic function improvement after transcatheter aortic valve implantation","volume":"12","author":"Goncalves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1699","article-title":"Functional mitral regurgitation and left atrial myopathy in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"22","author":"Tamargo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"41","article-title":"The Treatment of Severe Aortic Stenosis in the Presence of Mitral Regurgitation: There Is Much to Be Learned","volume":"32","author":"Quesada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.09.016","article-title":"Relevance of Functional Mitral Regurgitation in Aortic Valve Stenosis","volume":"136","author":"Benfari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2021.11.016","article-title":"National Trends and Outcomes of Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement with Concomitant Mitral Valve Surgery","volume":"40","author":"Arshad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003885","article-title":"Impact of preoperative moderate\/severe mitral regurgitation on 2-year outcome after trans- catheter and surgical aortic valve replacement: Insight from the Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve (PARTNER) Trial Cohort A","volume":"128","author":"Barbanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.01.036","article-title":"Management of Asymptomatic Severe Aortic Stenosis: Evolving Concepts in Timing of Valve Replacement","volume":"13","author":"Lindman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeab005","article-title":"The structural heart disease interventional imager rationale, skills and training: A position paper of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"22","author":"Agricola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2019.09.006","article-title":"Heart Valve Clinics, Centers, and Networks","volume":"38","author":"Chambers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000029","article-title":"2014 AHA\/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease: Executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"129","author":"Nishimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.05.019","article-title":"Effect of Hospital Volume on Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation","volume":"116","author":"Badheka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.3152","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis followed up in Heart valve clinics","volume":"3","author":"Lancellotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx370","article-title":"Standards defining a \u2018Heart Valve Centre\u2019: ESC Working Group on Valvular Heart Disease and European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery Viewpoint","volume":"38","author":"Chambers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.007","article-title":"2019 AATS\/ACC\/ASE\/SCAI\/STS Expert Consensus Systems of Care Document: A Proposal to Optimize Care for Patients with Valvular Heart Disease: A Joint Report of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Cardiology, American Society of Echocardiography, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons","volume":"73","author":"Nishimura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv319","article-title":"2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)","volume":"36","author":"Habib","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/6\/2178\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:52:32Z","timestamp":1760122352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/6\/2178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12062178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12062178","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]}}}