{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:38:57Z","timestamp":1791668337932,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The correct determination of volume status is a fundamental component of clinical evaluation as both hypovolaemia (with hypoperfusion) and hypervolaemia (with fluid overload) increase morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. As inferior vena cava (IVC) accounts for two-thirds of systemic venous return, it has been proposed as a marker of volaemic status by indirect assessment of central venous pressure or fluid responsiveness. Although ultrasonographic evaluation of IVC is relatively easy to perform, correct interpretation of the results may not be that simple and multiple pitfalls hamper its wider application in the clinical setting. In the present review, the basic elements of the pathophysiology of IVC behaviour, potential applications and limitations of its evaluation are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T07:28:15Z","timestamp":1678692495000},"page":"2217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasonography for Volume Status Evaluation: An Intriguing Promise Never Fulfilled"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5587-9185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierpaolo","family":"Di Nicol\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, S. Maria della Scaletta Hospital, 40026 Imola, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9560-5138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Tavazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Nannoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, S. Maria della Scaletta Hospital, 40026 Imola, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5588-2608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Corradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana Via Paradisa, 2, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4675-y","article-title":"Fluid Administration in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock, Patterns and Outcomes: An Analysis of a Large National Database","volume":"43","author":"Marik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.08.080","article-title":"Increased Central Venous Pressure Is Associated with Impaired Renal Function and Mortality in a Broad Spectrum of Patients with Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"53","author":"Damman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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