{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:59:10Z","timestamp":1760147950531,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Studies have reported the effectiveness of light therapy in various medical conditions. Our pilot study aimed to assess the effect of Maharishi light therapy (MLT) on physiological parameters, such as the heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP), BP variability (BPV), and the retinal microvasculature of healthy participants; (2) Methodology: Thirty (14 males and 16 females) healthy, non-smoking participants between 23 and 71 years old (46 \u00b1 18 years) were included in this randomized crossover study. Each participant was tested with a placebo (using LED light) and gem lights, 24 h apart. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded during the session, and 24 h heart rate and BP levels were assessed via mobile devices. Retinal vascular responses were captured with fundus images and the subsequent analysis of retinal vessel widths. A linear model, using repeated measures ANOVA, was used to compare the responses across the sexes and to assess the effect of the MLT; (3) Results: Changes in the central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) (p &lt; 0.001) and central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) (p = 0.002) parameters were observed. CRAE and CRVE decreased under MLT and increased under the placebo condition from before to after. However, the baseline values of the participants already differed significantly before the application of any therapy, and the variation in the retinal vessel diameters was already large in the baseline measurements. This suggests that the observed effect results may only reflect naturally occurring fluctuations in the microcirculation and not the effect of MLT. Furthermore, no significant effects were observed in any other investigated parameters; (4) Conclusion: Our study with healthy participants finds significant changes in retinal parameters, but the biological variation in the baseline measurements was large to begin with. This suggests that the observed effect results only reflect naturally occurring fluctuations in the microcirculation and not the effect of MLT. However, in the future, larger studies in which MLT is applied for longer periods and\/or in patients with different diseases could discover the physiological impacts of this type of therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T02:33:36Z","timestamp":1678761216000},"page":"2229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vascular Responses following Light Therapy: A Pilot Study with Healthy Volunteers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1496-8813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Salo\u0148","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Science, 2624 Lillehammer, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7308-5450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Steuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruslan","family":"Neshev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3422-0031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Schmid-Zalaudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5197-8215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"De Boever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Meditation Center in Silkeborg, Moerksoevej 71, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Picha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Center for Cardiovascular Disease, 8061 St. Radegund, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Per Morten","family":"Fredriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Science, 2624 Lillehammer, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benedicta Ngwechi","family":"Nkeh-Chungag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6704-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandu","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. 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