{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:15:04Z","timestamp":1778858104216,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Medical Research Council of Singapore","award":["CSAINV20nov-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSAINV20nov-0003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hand eczema is a common disease with economic and social ramifications. This study undertakes a review of certain existing literature to provide insight into contributory factors which may result in the varying prevalence and severity of hand eczema among different ethnic groups, particularly to identify modifiable risk factors, as well as to ascertain knowledge gaps for future research direction. The existing literature suggests that factors including (a) genes, (b) differing skin physiology, (c) cultural practices, (d) dietary habits and associated food preparation, (e) climate, (f) predominant occupations, (g) socioeconomic factors, and (h) dissimilar laws and regulations may account for the disparity in the risk of hand eczema among different ethnicities. Given that endogenous factors cannot be avoided, but certain exogenous aspects can be modified, especially as the environment plays an important role in hand eczema flares, it is helpful from a practical perspective to focus on addressing the modifiable risk factors. These factors pertain to unique cultural practices, customs, and food preparation methods. Healthcare professionals should be well-acquainted with such factors to tailor the treatment approach for patients of different ethnicities accordingly because, with globalization, physicians face increasingly diverse patient populations such that cultural customs no longer remain limited to particular geographic regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T02:33:36Z","timestamp":1678761216000},"page":"2232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Are There Ethnic Differences in Hand Eczema? A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Eleanor Shu Xian","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8894-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong Liang","family":"Tey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Skin Centre, Singapore 308205, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"},{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziying Vanessa","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Skin Centre, Singapore 308205, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.14035","article-title":"Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Hand Eczema","volume":"86","author":"Thyssen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Incorporation of a barrier protection cream in the management of chronic hand dermatitis: Focus on data supporting an established hand protectant formulation and modifications designed to assist in barrier repair","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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