{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:47:33Z","timestamp":1793314053367,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union 7th Framework programme","award":["602150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["602150"]}]},{"name":"Hannelore Kohl Stiftung","award":["602150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["602150"]}]},{"name":"OneMind","award":["602150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["602150"]}]},{"name":"Integra LifeSciences Corporation","award":["602150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["602150"]}]},{"name":"NeuroTrauma Sciences","award":["602150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["602150"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. To better understand its impact on various outcome domains, this study pursues the following: (1) longitudinal outcome assessments at three, six, and twelve months post-injury; (2) an evaluation of sociodemographic, premorbid, and injury-related factors, and functional recovery contributing to worsening or improving outcomes after TBI. Using patient-reported outcome measures, recuperation trends after TBI were identified by applying Multivariate Latent Class Mixed Models (MLCMM). Instruments were grouped into TBI-specific and generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL; QOLIBRI-OS, SF-12v2), and psychological and post-concussion symptoms (GAD-7, PHQ-9, PCL-5, RPQ). Multinomial logistic regressions were carried out to identify contributing factors. For both outcome sets, the four-class solution provided the best match between goodness of fit indices and meaningful clinical interpretability. Both models revealed similar trajectory classes: stable good health status (HRQoL: n = 1944; symptoms: n = 1963), persistent health impairments (HRQoL: n = 442; symptoms: n = 179), improving health status (HRQoL: n = 83; symptoms: n = 243), and deteriorating health status (HRQoL: n = 86; symptoms: n = 170). Compared to individuals with stable good health status, the other groups were more likely to have a lower functional recovery status at three months after TBI (i.e., the GOSE), psychological problems, and a lower educational attainment. Outcome trajectories after TBI show clearly distinguishable patterns which are reproducible across different measures. Individuals characterized by persistent health impairments and deterioration require special attention and long-term clinical monitoring and therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T06:14:58Z","timestamp":1678774498000},"page":"2246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Impact of Sociodemographic, Premorbid, and Injury-Related Factors on Patient-Reported Outcome Trajectories after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nicole","family":"von Steinbuechel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Waldweg 37A, 37073 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Hahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Health & Prevention, Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Robert-Blum-Str. 13, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8048-5682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Muehlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Health & Prevention, Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Robert-Blum-Str. 13, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7184-8311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Arango-Lasprilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychology and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, 907 Floyd Ave., Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8892-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Bockhop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Waldweg 37A, 37073 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amra","family":"Covic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Waldweg 37A, 37073 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Health & Prevention, Institute of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Robert-Blum-Str. 13, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7787-0122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewout W.","family":"Steyerberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 RC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1612-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew I. R.","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge\/Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, Box 157, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3719-4406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada","family":"Andelic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Society, Research Centre for Habilitation and Rehabilitation Models, Faculty of Medicine, Univeristy of Oslo, 0373 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0172-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Zeldovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Waldweg 37A, 37073 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The CENTER-TBI Participants and Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050801888824","article-title":"Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury among Children, Adolescents and Young Adults: Prospective Evidence from a Birth Cohort","volume":"22","author":"McKinlay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.99.4.0666","article-title":"Patient Age and Outcome Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: An Analysis of 5600 Patients","volume":"99","author":"Hukkelhoven","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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