{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:59:11Z","timestamp":1760147951944,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32-68193.02","32-66778.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32-68193.02","32-66778.01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Within the spectrum of emotional competencies, callous-unemotional traits are socially discouraged, while empathy is considered a socially much more accepted emotional trait. This holds particularly true for adolescents, who are still building up their social and emotional competencies. The aims of the present study were two-fold: First, longitudinally, to identify traits of behavioral problems and objective sleep dimensions at the age of 5 years to predict callous-unemotional traits and empathy at the age of 14 years. Second, cross-sectionally, to associate callous-unemotional traits and empathy with current insomnia, stress, and mental toughness. Methods: Preschoolers at the age of 5 years were contacted nine years later at the age of 14 years. At 5 years, parents rated their children\u2019s behavior (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, SDQ); in parallel, children underwent a one-night sleep-EEG assessment. At the age of 14 years, adolescents completed a series of questionnaires covering callous-unemotional traits, insomnia, empathy, stress, and mental toughness. Results: A total of 77 adolescents (38.1% females) took part in the present study. Longitudinally, higher scores for hyperactivity at age 5 significantly predicted higher callous-unemotional traits at age 14. A higher score for negative peer relationships at age 5 significantly predicted lower scores for cognitive empathy at age 14. Further, objective sleep-EEG measures showed that a higher sleep efficiency and a shorter sleep latency was associated with lower scores for callousness. Cross-sectionally, higher scores for callous-unemotional traits were associated with higher insomnia and stress, while lower insomnia was associated with higher empathy. Mental toughness was unrelated to callous-unemotional traits and empathy. Conclusions: It appears that hyperactivity traits and negative peer relationships and more unfavorable objective sleep patterns at 5 years predicted socially discouraged callous-unemotional traits and low empathy during adolescence. Further, cross-sectionally at the age of 14, callous-unemotional traits, subjective poor sleep, and higher stress were associated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T04:39:45Z","timestamp":1678855185000},"page":"2248","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Origins of the Dark\u2014Hyperactivity and Negative Peer Relationships, an Objectively Lower Sleep Efficiency, and a Longer Sleep Onset Latency at Age Five Were Associated with Callous-Unemotional Traits and Low Empathy at Age 14"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Larina","family":"Eisenhut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel (UPK), 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1301-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dena","family":"Sadeghi-Bahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 6714869914, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinh Tong","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel (UPK), 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Centre for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2166-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten","family":"Mikoteit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Services Solothurn, University of Basel, 4503 Solothurn, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4704-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette Beatrix","family":"Br\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel (UPK), 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospital Basel (UPK), 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1552-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"D\u00fcrsteler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addictive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Substance Use Disorders, Psychiatric University Hospital Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hatzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Services Solothurn, University of Basel, 4503 Solothurn, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2175-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric University Hospital Basel (UPK), 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 6714869914, Iran"},{"name":"Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah 6714869914, Iran"},{"name":"Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Teheran University of Medical Sciences, Teheran 1417466191, Iran"},{"name":"Center for Disaster Psychiatry and Disaster Psychology, Psychiatric University Hospital Basel (UPK), 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11571","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716037114","article-title":"Early Life Experiences Have Complex and Long-Lasting Effects on Behavior","volume":"114","author":"Carlson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. 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