{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:50:45Z","timestamp":1777103445192,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011566","name":"Marga and Walter Boll Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["210-02.1-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210-02.1-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impulsivity is a multidimensional, cross-diagnostic behavioural construct that has been described in various psychiatric disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS). Different interpretations of results in the past have raised the question of heightened impulsivity as an explanatory model for self-described impulsive behaviour, especially in OCD. Our study included 16 patients with OCD, 14 patients with TS, and 28 healthy control subjects (HC). Self-assessed impulsivity was examined by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11), and the behavioural test used was the immediate and delayed memory task (IMT\/DMT). Significantly heightened self-assessed impulsivity of the patient collective compared to HC could be observed in in only one dimension: lack of attention (\u03c72 (2) = 24.910, p &lt; 0.001). Post-hoc tests were performed using Bonferroni adjusted alpha levels of 0.0167 per test (0.05\/3) and revealed significantly higher scores in patients with OCD (M = 19.57, SD = 2.82), z = 4.292, p &lt; 0.001 as with TS (M = 19.38, SD = 3.62), z = 3.832, p &lt; 0.001 compared to HC (M = 13.78, SD = 3.18). In patients with OCD, correlations between the dimension of obsessive thoughts with a lack of attention in the form of first-order factor cognitive instability could be shown (n = 14, p = 0.024, rs = 0.599) while in patients with TS, tic symptomatology correlated significantly with second-order factor attentional impulsivity (n = 12, p = 0.027, rs = 0.635). In behavioural testing, no significant group differences could be observed either in impulsive behaviour (IMT: \u03c72 (2) = 4.709, p = 0.824; DMT: \u03c72 (2) = 0.126, p = 0.939) or in sustained attention (IMT: \u03c72 (2) = 0.388, p = 0.095; DMT: \u03c72 (2) = 0.663, p = 0.718). Heightened impulsivity as an explanatory model for the observed lack of attention, especially in patients with OCD, should be questioned and interpretation biases considered in the future. The necessity of a multidimensional approach to the research of impulsivity is underscored by our results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T04:39:45Z","timestamp":1678855185000},"page":"2277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impulsivity and Attention in Obsessive Compulsive and Tic Disorders: Mismatch in Self-Report and Behavioural Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Leonard Guenter","family":"Koenn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2316-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina","family":"Kohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Schleyken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Johanniter Hospital Oberhausen, 46145 Oberhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852913000722","article-title":"Compulsivity, impulsivity, and the DSM-5 process","volume":"19","author":"Berlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005481","article-title":"Varieties of impulsivity","volume":"146","author":"Evenden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005","article-title":"Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control","volume":"108","author":"Bari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.8","article-title":"Fractionating impulsivity: Neuropsychiatric implications","volume":"18","author":"Dalley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.11.009","article-title":"Neurocognitive endophenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity: Towards dimensional psychiatry","volume":"16","author":"Robbins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0088","article-title":"The Neurobiology of Impulsive Aggression","volume":"26","author":"Blair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.03.048","article-title":"Unique and interactive effects of impulsivity facets on reckless driving and driving under the influence in a high-risk young adult sample","volume":"114","author":"Luk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00772","article-title":"Profiles of Impulsivity in Problematic Internet Users and Cigarette Smokers","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.02.010","article-title":"Impulsivity and nonsuicidal self-injury: A review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Hamza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.11.059","article-title":"Relationship between quality of life in young adults and impulsivity\/compulsivity","volume":"271","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2011.00919.x","article-title":"Quality of life and impulsivity in bipolar disorder","volume":"13","author":"Victor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale","volume":"51","author":"Patton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.01.020","article-title":"Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control","volume":"69","author":"Dalley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.1.95","article-title":"Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: Personality and cognitive correlates","volume":"58","author":"Dickman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2020.02.005","article-title":"Is impulsive behavior adaptive in harsh and unpredictable environments? A formal model","volume":"41","author":"Fenneman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852913000801","article-title":"New developments in human neurocognition: Clinical, genetic, and brain imaging correlates of impulsivity and compulsivity","volume":"19","author":"Fineberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.01.002","article-title":"Impulsivity: Four ways five factors are not basic to addiction","volume":"39","author":"Gullo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2020.1739059","article-title":"An Investigation of Alternative Factor Models of Impulsivity using the UPPS-P","volume":"103","author":"Teese","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Lynam, D.R., Smith, G.T., Cyders, M.A., Fischer, S., and Whiteside, S.A. (2007). The UPPS-P: A Multidimensional Measure of Risk for Impulsive Behavior, unpublished technical report."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.2.319","article-title":"Behavioural Inhibition, behavioural acitvation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS\/BAS Scales","volume":"67","author":"Carver","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195467","article-title":"Immediate and delayed memory tasks: A computerized behavioral measure of memory, attention, and impulsivity","volume":"34","author":"Dougherty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2174\/157340008785829922","article-title":"Antiepileptic Drugs for the Treatment of Impulsivity","volume":"4","author":"Berlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana, R.P., Kerr-Gaffney, J., Ancane, A., and Young, A.H. (2022). Impulsivity in Bipolar Disorder: State or Trait?. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101351"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12090","article-title":"Is there an empirical link between impulsivity and suicidality in bipolar disorders? A review of the current literature and the potential psychological implications of the relationship","volume":"15","author":"Watkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2009.06.002","article-title":"Early recovery from alcohol dependence: Factors that promote or impede abstinence","volume":"38","author":"Charney","year":"2010","journal-title":"JSAT J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(01)00202-1","article-title":"The impact of impulsivity on cocaine use and retention in treatment","volume":"21","author":"Moeller","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.11.003","article-title":"Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: Review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies","volume":"32","author":"Lawrence","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09845-z","article-title":"Impulsivity and its Therapeutic Management in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review","volume":"91","author":"Mungo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Attention to Attention","volume":"22","author":"Ocasio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Organ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(03)00113-2","article-title":"Impulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comparisons with other anxiety disorders and within tic-related subgroups","volume":"36","author":"Summerfeldt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.06.010","article-title":"Behavioral and cognitive impulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorders","volume":"200","author":"Boisseau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.029","article-title":"Behavioral Impulsivity in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"5","author":"Abramovitch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"3548","article-title":"Impulsive prepotent actions and tics in Tourette disorder underpinned by a common neural network","volume":"26","author":"Porte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv307","article-title":"Enhanced habit formation in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"139","author":"Delorme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.05.021","article-title":"Dimensions and disorder specificity of impulsivity in pathological gambling","volume":"39","author":"Oosterlaan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"100557","article-title":"Severity benchmarks and contemporary clinical norms for the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R)","volume":"27","author":"Abramovitch","year":"2020","journal-title":"JOCRD J. Obs.-Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.14.4.485","article-title":"The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: Development and validation of a short version","volume":"14","author":"Foa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2002.95.2.559","article-title":"Reliability estimates for the immediate and delayed memory tasks","volume":"95","author":"Mathias","year":"2002","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04356.x","article-title":"Alcohol increases commission error rates for a continuous performance test","volume":"23","author":"Dougherty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb01972.x","article-title":"Effects of moderate and high doses of alcohol on attention, impulsivity, discriminability, and response bias in immediate and delayed memory task performance","volume":"24","author":"Dougherty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.07.007","article-title":"The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R): Validation of the German version in a sample of patients with OCD, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders","volume":"22","author":"Gonner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2015.06.002","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of a Self-Report Instrument for the Assessment of Tic Severity in Adults With Tic Disorders","volume":"46","author":"Abramovitch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., and Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Psychological Corporation.","DOI":"10.1037\/t00742-000"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-001-1215-x","article-title":"Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS-k); Die deutsche Kurzform zur retrospektiven Erfassung des hyperkinetischen Syndroms bei Erwachsenen","volume":"73","author":"Retz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Der Nervenarzt"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, L. Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194050380020401","article-title":"The Diversity of Attention Deficits in ADHD","volume":"38","author":"Tsal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Learn. Disab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.5.644.1118","article-title":"Sustained attention and impulsivity in children with Tourette syndrome: Comorbidity and confounds","volume":"20","author":"Sherman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Neuropsychological functioning in children with Tourette syndrome with and without attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"49","author":"Sukhodolsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.01.001","article-title":"Youths with ADHD with and without tic disorders: Comorbid psychopathology, executive function and social adjustment","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"307","article-title":"Neuropsychological Functioning in Children with Tourette Syndrome (TS)","volume":"18","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Can. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"170","article-title":"Attentional deficits in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Channon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1155\/1998\/413436","article-title":"Directed attention in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Georgiou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2012.02319.x","article-title":"Impact of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Tourette\u2019s syndrome on neuropsychological performance","volume":"66","author":"Matsuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1155\/2003\/832906","article-title":"Disturbed monitoring and response inhibition in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and co-morbid obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"14","author":"Johnannes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2016.1220580","article-title":"Relationship between impulsivity and obsession types in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"20","author":"Onur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674211009623","article-title":"Distinct clinical manifestations of obsessive-compulsive disorder are associated with cortical thickness alteration","volume":"56","author":"Shan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.039","article-title":"Think twice: Impulsivity and decision making in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"4","author":"Grassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501.2013.855792","article-title":"Characterizing impulsivity profile in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"18","author":"Benatti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00835.x","article-title":"Impulsiveness in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: Results from a family study","volume":"115","author":"Ettelt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta. Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199404000-00009","article-title":"Impulsivity scores in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"182","author":"Stein","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.152155","article-title":"Self-reported and neurocognitive impulsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"97","author":"Frydman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.06.001","article-title":"Measurement of constructs using self-report and behavioral lab tasks: Is there overlap in nomothetic span and construct representation for impulsivity?","volume":"31","author":"Cyders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5472","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818430116","article-title":"Large-scale analysis of test-retest reliabilities of self-regulation measures","volume":"116","author":"Enkavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0503","article-title":"The Brown Longitudinal Obsessive Compulsive Study: Clinical features and symptoms of the sample at intake","volume":"67","author":"Pinto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.04.002","article-title":"Comorbidity, age of onset and suicidality in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): An international collaboration","volume":"76","author":"Brakoulias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0120","article-title":"Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome, Depression, Depressive Illness, and Correlates in a Child and Adolescent Population","volume":"27","author":"Rizzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.03.030","article-title":"Depression in Tourette syndrome: A controlled and comparison study","volume":"364","author":"Piedad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Hirschtritt","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"291","article-title":"Corrections. A personal 35 year perspective on Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: Prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidities, and coexistent psychopathologies","volume":"2","author":"Robertson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20691","article-title":"ADHD prevalence and association with hoarding behaviors in childhood-onset OCD","volume":"27","author":"Sheppard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2005.04.008","article-title":"Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in referred children and adolescents","volume":"47","author":"Masi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.07.011","article-title":"Impulsivity: Differential relationship to depression and mania in bipolar disorder","volume":"106","author":"Swann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2014.02.003","article-title":"Impulsivity in remitted depression: A meta-analytical review","volume":"9","author":"Saddichha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2017.06.002","article-title":"Impulsivity in adolescents with major depressive disorder: A comparative tunisian study","volume":"28","author":"Khemakhem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morand-Beaulieu, S., Leclerc, J.B., Valois, P., Lavoie, M.E., O\u2019Connor, K.P., and Gauthier, B. (2017). A Review of the Neuropsychological Dimensions of Tourette Syndrome. Brain Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7080106"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0196-3","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive adults with and without childhood ADHD symptoms","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atten. Deficit Hyperact. Disord."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716669226","article-title":"The Clinical Characteristics of ADHD and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Comorbidity","volume":"24","author":"Dondu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.04.060","article-title":"Reconsideration of the factorial structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11): Assessment of impulsivity in a large population of euthymic bipolar patients","volume":"253","author":"Kahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032161","article-title":"The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11: Reassessment of its Structure in a Community Sample","volume":"25","author":"Reise","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854820932615","article-title":"The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 in Community and Incarcerated Samples: Motor and Nonplanning Impulsivity Effects on Criminal Recidivism","volume":"47","author":"Ros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crim. Justice Behav."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lau, J.H., Jeyagurunathan, A., and Shafie, S. (2022). The factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and correlates of impulsivity among outpatients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in Singapore. BMC Psychiatry, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03870-x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/6\/2277\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:55:33Z","timestamp":1760122533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/6\/2277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12062277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12062277","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]}}}