{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:25:49Z","timestamp":1791044749929,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of elderly patients with cervical trauma is increasing. Such patients are considered to be at high risk for delirium, which is an acute neuropsychological disorder that reduces the patient\u2019s capacity to interact with their environment due to impairments in cognition. This study aimed to establish a risk score that predicts delirium in elderly patients with cervical SCI and\/or cervical fracture regardless of treatment type. This retrospective cohort study included 1512 patients aged \u226565 years with cervical SCI and\/or cervical fracture. The risk factors for delirium according to treatment type (surgical or conservative) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. A delirium risk score was established as the simple arithmetic sum of points assigned to variables that were significant in the multivariate analyses. Based on the statistical results, the delirium risk score was defined using six factors: old age (\u226580 years), hypoalbuminemia, cervical fracture, major organ injury, dependence on pre-injury mobility, and comorbid diabetes. The score\u2019s area under the curve for the prediction of delirium was 0.66 (p &lt; 0.001). Although the current scoring system must be validated with an independent dataset, the system remains beneficial because it can be used after screening examinations upon hospitalization and before deciding the treatment strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T03:30:31Z","timestamp":1679283031000},"page":"2387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Delirium Risk Score in Elderly Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury and\/or Cervical Fracture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1467-2599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koji","family":"Tamai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-City, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9183-3363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidetomi","family":"Terai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-City, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka-City, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3415-5823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noriaki","family":"Yokogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Sasagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, 2-2-78 Nishinagae, Toyama, Toyama 930-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0039-9678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9681-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Segi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadayuki","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7325-4357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toru","family":"Funayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumihiko","family":"Eto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Yamaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ibaraki Seinan Medical Center Hospital, 2190, Sakaimachi, Sashima, Ibaraki 306-0433, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4830-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kota","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Yamane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Shizuoka Hospital, 8-2 Otemachi, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka 420-0853, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5378-940X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeo","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3202-056X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Yunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8260-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideaki","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, 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Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Hirota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sapporo Medical University, South 1-West 16-291, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3156-0591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidenori","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube City, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuaki","family":"Imajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube City, Yamaguchi 755-8505, 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Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munehiro","family":"Sakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Saiseikai Shiga Hospital, 2-4-1 Ohashi Ritto, Shiga 520-3046, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9644-054X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ko","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshito","family":"Onoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 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Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5479-581X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Spine Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Misaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Spine Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, 577, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiyoshi","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1, Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, 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of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Takasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9468-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koji","family":"Akeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norihiko","family":"Takegami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, 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Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kaito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4189-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshitaka","family":"Yoshii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8519, 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