{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:06:47Z","timestamp":1791576407443,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diagnosis of parathyroid diseases by imaging still has some intrinsic technical limitations due to the differential diagnosis of different structures of the neck that mimic the parathyroid glands. In this view, ultrasound (US) is an established, low-cost, and non-invasive imaging technique that still represents the first-line approach for evaluating patients with parathyroid disease. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the applications of USs in clinical practice, discussing the histopathological and US characteristics of the parathyroid glands in normal and pathological conditions, the advantages of preoperative imaging, and novel updates on the most useful and currently available multiparameter US techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T02:18:27Z","timestamp":1679883507000},"page":"2487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Dark Side of Ultrasound Imaging in Parathyroid Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Roberta","family":"Centello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3850-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz","family":"Sesti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1066-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Feola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroendocrinology, Neuromed Institute, IRCCS, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9904-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Sada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Pandozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6972-1859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Di Serafino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General and Emergency Radiology Department, \u201cAntonio Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \u201cVincenzo Tiberio\u201d, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Pacini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Cantisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3614-6151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Giannetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Tarsitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2017.08.003","article-title":"Head and neck ultrasound: Technical advances, novel applications and the role of elastography","volume":"73","author":"McQueen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05334-y","article-title":"The EANM practice guidelines for parathyroid imaging","volume":"48","author":"Giovanella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2003). AIUM Practice Guideline for the performance of thyroid and parathyroid ultrasound examination. J. Ultrasound. Med., 22, 1126\u20131130.","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2003.22.10.1126"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-019-05269-4","article-title":"Stepwise Approach for Parathyroid Localisation in Primary Hyperparathyroidism","volume":"44","author":"Korwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.12.3.257","article-title":"Two hundred consecutive parathyroid ultrasound studies by a single clinician: The impact of experience","volume":"12","author":"Yeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318208fed9","article-title":"The superiority of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy based on 1650 consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"253","author":"Udelsman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02487-y","article-title":"Will (18)F-fluorocholine PET\/CT replace other methods of preoperative parathyroid imaging?","volume":"71","author":"Giovanella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-012-0602-7","article-title":"The role of positron emission tomography using carbon-11 and fluorine-18 choline in tumors other than prostate cancer: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Treglia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3911-1","article-title":"F18-choline PET\/CT guided surgery in primary hyperparathyroidism when ultrasound and MIBI SPECT\/CT are negative or inconclusive: The APACH1 study","volume":"45","author":"Quak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-111682","article-title":"Multiparametric Ultrasound of Thyroid Nodules: Where Do We Stand?","volume":"38","author":"Cantisani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultraschall. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.13446","article-title":"Multiparametric MRI Versus Multiparametric US in the Detection of Prostate Cancer","volume":"39","author":"Drudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1553381","article-title":"Multiparametric Ultrasound (MPUS) Imaging: Terminology Describing the Many Aspects of Ultrasonography","volume":"36","author":"Sidhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultraschall. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.05.028","article-title":"CEUS: Where are we in 2015?","volume":"84","author":"Cantisani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-021-00581-z","article-title":"Multiparametric ultrasound evaluation of a case of bilateral carotid body tumor","volume":"24","author":"Pacini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/JMU.JMU_28_18","article-title":"Progress in the Ultrasonographic Microvascular Imaging","volume":"26","author":"Yen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14949","article-title":"Potential Utility of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Preoperative Evaluation of Primary Hyperparathyroidism","volume":"38","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlovics, S., Radzina, M., and Niciporuka, R. (2021). Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of Parathyroid Gland Lesions. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58010002"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.06.009","article-title":"Shear wave elastography and parathyroid adenoma: A new tool for diagnosing parathyroid adenomas","volume":"85","author":"Azizi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1116-1","article-title":"Multiparametric ultrasonography and ultrasound elastography in the differentiation of parathyroid lesions from ectopic thyroid lesions or lymphadenopathies","volume":"57","author":"Isidori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04241.x","article-title":"The role of ultrasound elastography in preoperative localization of parathyroid lesions: A new assisting method to preoperative parathyroid ultrasonography","volume":"76","author":"Demir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0543","article-title":"Measurement of thyroglobulin, calcitonin, and PTH in FNA washout fluids","volume":"55","author":"Trimboli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2007.0081","article-title":"Diagnostic aspiration of parathyroid adenomas causes severe fibrosis complicating surgery and final histologic diagnosis","volume":"17","author":"Norman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.4158\/EP11148.OR","article-title":"Risks and benefits of parathyroid fine-needle aspiration with parathyroid hormone washout","volume":"18","author":"Bancos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.129.8.894","article-title":"Parathyromatosis and recurrent hyperparathyroidism","volume":"129","author":"Lentsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-006-0095-8","article-title":"Implantation of parathyroid carcinoma along fine needle aspiration track","volume":"391","author":"Agarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0316","article-title":"Management of endocrine disease: Unmet therapeutic, educational and scientific needs in parathyroid disorders","volume":"181","author":"Bollerslev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2010.01.001","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands","volume":"43","author":"Fancy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.5858\/2009-0578-CCR.1","article-title":"Parathyroid pathology: Hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid tumors","volume":"134","author":"Carlson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2015-203186","article-title":"Clinicopathological correlates of hyperparathyroidism","volume":"68","author":"Duan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2012.08.026","article-title":"Intrathyroidal parathyroid glands: Small, but mighty (a Napoleon phenomenon)","volume":"152","author":"Mazeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2005.10.049","article-title":"Incidence and location of ectopic abnormal parathyroid glands","volume":"191","author":"Phitayakorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-019-01751-8","article-title":"The prevalence and anatomy of parathyroid glands: A meta-analysis with implications for parathyroid surgery","volume":"404","author":"Taterra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-017-0792-0","article-title":"Ultrasound detection of normal parathyroid glands: A preliminary study","volume":"122","author":"Ha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09709-1","article-title":"Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Parathyroid Tumors","volume":"33","author":"Erickson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60507-9","article-title":"Hyperparathyroidism","volume":"374","author":"Fraser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"40","article-title":"Sporadic and hereditary primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"34","author":"Pepe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"46","article-title":"Positive (99m)Tc-MIBI and the subtraction parathyroid scan are related to intact parathyroid hormone but not to total plasma calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hell J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2018.01.007","article-title":"Probability of Positive Genetic Testing Results in Patients with Family History of Primary Hyperparathyroidism","volume":"226","author":"Nockel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2012.11.012","article-title":"Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"16","author":"Jamal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-013-9278-3","article-title":"Parathyroid carcinoma in the setting of tertiaryhyperparathyroidism after renal transplant","volume":"25","author":"Nasrallah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2006.01665.x","article-title":"Vascular calcification and renal osteodystrophy relationship in chronic kidney disease","volume":"36","author":"Moe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20311","article-title":"Parathyroid sonography: Imaging and intervention","volume":"35","author":"Huppert","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.23736\/S0391-1977.17.02728-6","article-title":"Ultrasound and ultrasound-related techniques in endocrine diseases","volume":"43","author":"Trimboli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.path.2019.08.006","article-title":"Parathyroid Pathology","volume":"12","author":"Guilmette","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Pathol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.11152\/mu.2013.2066.172.tka","article-title":"Variable sonographic spectrum of parathyroid adenoma with a novel ultrasound finding: Dual concentric echo sign","volume":"17","author":"Acar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ11-0351","article-title":"The role of colour Doppler ultrasonography in the preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas","volume":"59","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-018-0332-3","article-title":"Actual role of color-doppler high-resolution neck ultrasonography in primary hyperparathyroidism: A clinical review and an observational study with a comparison of (99m)Tc-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy","volume":"22","author":"Vitetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000216","article-title":"A comparison between 11C-methionine PET\/CT and MIBI SPECT\/CT for localization of parathyroid adenomas\/hyperplasia","volume":"36","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2004.10.005","article-title":"A systematic review of the diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism from 1995 to 2003","volume":"132","author":"Ruda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000921","article-title":"Comparison between technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile scintigraphy and ultrasound in the diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma and parathyroid hyperplasia","volume":"39","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.21614\/chirurgia.114.5.541","article-title":"The Value of Imaging of the Parathyroid Glands in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism","volume":"114","author":"Strambu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chirurgia"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2019.10.004","article-title":"Role of ultrasound in the differentiation of parathyroid carcinoma and benign parathyroid lesions","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2141-3","article-title":"Ultrasound features of malignancy in the preoperative diagnosis of parathyroid cancer: A retrospective analysis of parathyroid tumours larger than 15 mm","volume":"21","author":"Sidhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"423","article-title":"VueBox(R) perfusion analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) examinations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism for preoperative detection of parathyroid gland adenoma","volume":"70","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1159\/000524070","article-title":"Large Parathyroid Tumor 8 Years after Thyroid Surgery: A Case Report","volume":"15","author":"Ratniece","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.08.001","article-title":"Sonography of intrathyroid parathyroid adenomas: Are there distinctive features that allow for preoperative identification?","volume":"82","author":"Heller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2017.08.009","article-title":"Update in Parathyroid Imaging","volume":"26","author":"Kuzminski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging Clin. N Am."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-019-01129-2","article-title":"Performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in assessing thyroid nodules: A systematic review and meta-analysis using histological standard of reference","volume":"125","author":"Trimboli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2008.06.007","article-title":"The characteristics of concomitant thyroid nodules cause false-positive ultrasonography results in primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"30","author":"Barbaros","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"123","article-title":"The coexistence of primary hyperparathyroidism and thyroid nodules: Should the preoperative work-up of the parathyroid and the thyroid diseases be specifically adjusted?","volume":"37","author":"Scerrino","year":"2016","journal-title":"G. Chir."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.23736\/S0391-1977.17.02685-2","article-title":"Imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism: Focus on the evidence-based diagnostic performance of different methods","volume":"43","author":"Treglia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radzina, M., Ratniece, M., Putrins, D.S., Saule, L., and Cantisani, V. (2021). Performance of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Thyroid Nodules: Review of Current State and Future Perspectives. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215469"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0901","article-title":"Real-time elastosonography: Useful tool for refining the presurgical diagnosis in thyroid nodules with indeterminate or nondiagnostic cytology","volume":"95","author":"Rago","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.15.07043","article-title":"Ultrasound Elastography for Distinction Between Parathyroid Adenomas and Thyroid Nodules","volume":"35","author":"Batur","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0694-y","article-title":"Can ARFI elastography be used to differentiate parathyroid from thyroid lesions?","volume":"41","author":"Chandramohan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"187","article-title":"Parathyroid incidentaloma detected during thyroid sonography\u2014Prevalence and significance beyond images","volume":"14","author":"Ghervan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"e9819","article-title":"Evaluation of B-Mode and Color Doppler Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Malignant Cervical Lymphadenopathy","volume":"12","author":"Rohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4829","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.11.29","article-title":"A new tool for diagnosing parathyroid lesions: Angio plus ultrasound imaging","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15074","article-title":"Value of Qualitative and Quantitative Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Analysis in Preoperative Diagnosis of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis from Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotoi, L., Borcan, F., Sporea, I., Amzar, D., Schiller, O., Schiller, A., Dehelean, C.A., Pop, G.N., and Stoian, D. (2019). Shear Wave Elastography in Diagnosing Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. Diagnostics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9040213"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09704-6","article-title":"Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Paragangliomas and Pheochromocytomas","volume":"33","author":"Mete","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"541","article-title":"Title Page\u2014Paraganglioma of the Head and Neck: Follow-Up of Interventional Procedures with CEUS","volume":"36","author":"Rubenthaler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultraschall. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puliani, G., Sesti, F., Feola, T., Di Leo, N., Polti, G., Verrico, M., Modica, R., Colao, A., Lenzi, A., and Isidori, A.M. (2020). Natural History and Management of Familial Paraganglioma Syndrome Type 1: Long-Term Data from a Large Family. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020588"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-013-0004-2","article-title":"Branchial cleft cyst","volume":"16","author":"Valentino","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"315","article-title":"Second branchial cleft cysts: Variability of sonographic appearances in adult cases","volume":"21","author":"Ahuja","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0998-4300","article-title":"Peripheral Vascular Anomalies\u2014Essentials in Periinterventional Imaging","volume":"192","author":"Sadick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e253","DOI":"10.5114\/pjr.2018.75724","article-title":"Peripheral vascular malformations\u2014Modern imaging","volume":"83","author":"Majewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"93","article-title":"An essential practice summary of the new EANM guidelines for parathyroid imaging","volume":"66","author":"Giovanella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Q J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-018-1179-x","article-title":"[(18)F]Fluorocholine Uptake of Parathyroid Adenoma Is Correlated with Parathyroid Hormone Level","volume":"20","author":"Alharbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4147-4","article-title":"Additional value of integrated (18)F-choline PET\/4D contrast-enhanced CT in the localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands and correlation with molecular profile","volume":"46","author":"Piccardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4677","article-title":"Evaluation and Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Summary Statement and Guidelines from the Fifth International Workshop","volume":"37","author":"Bilezikian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/7\/2487\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:02:43Z","timestamp":1760122963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/7\/2487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12072487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12072487","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]}}}