{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:45:32Z","timestamp":1790729132000,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Neuroimaging Laboratories Research Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, at Washington University in St. Louis","award":["UL1 TR002345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR002345"]}]},{"name":"Neuroimaging Laboratories Research Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, at Washington University in St. Louis","award":["P30 CA091842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA091842"]}]},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) NIH","award":["UL1 TR002345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR002345"]}]},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) NIH","award":["P30 CA091842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA091842"]}]},{"name":"Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center and NCI Cancer Center Support NIH","award":["UL1 TR002345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR002345"]}]},{"name":"Siteman Comprehensive Cancer Center and NCI Cancer Center Support NIH","award":["P30 CA091842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA091842"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Median nerve stimulation (MNS) at 10\u201312 Hz was recently proposed as a treatment for Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders (TS\/CTD). We report on 31 participants ages 15\u201364 with TS\/CTD in an open-label, comparative (within-group, several time points) study of MNS (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT05016765). Participants were recruited from completers of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of MNS and were given a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit to use as desired for 12 Hz MNS for 4 weeks. Participants were instructed to complete surveys regarding tic symptoms and stimulation discomfort before and after stimulation, as well as twice daily when randomly prompted by text message. Participants also completed an extensive final survey. Twenty-seven participants completed the study. Median device use was 1.5 days per week and 50 min per day used. Tic frequency improved during MNS (mean improvement: 1.0 on a 0\u20135 scale, p &lt; 0.001), as did tic intensity (mean improvement: 0.9, p &lt; 0.001). Mean discomfort was mild (1.2 on a 3-point scale). In total, 21 participants (78%) planned to continue using the device. Participants\u2019 results in this study did not correlate significantly with their results in the blinded RCT. We found MNS to improve tic frequency and intensity with minimal side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T06:15:15Z","timestamp":1679984115000},"page":"2545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Median Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Tics: A 4-Week Open Trial with Ecological Momentary Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8844-7752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann M.","family":"Iverson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8267-580X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Arbuckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Y.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily C.","family":"Bihun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Radiology and Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuenca, J., Glazebrook, C., Kendall, T., Hedderly, T., Heyman, I., Jackson, G., Murphy, T., Rickards, H., Robertson, M., and Stern, J. 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