{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T17:24:51Z","timestamp":1778779491255,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Charles University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA UK No. 94120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA UK No. 94120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>End-expiratory occlusion (EEO) and end-inspiratory occlusion (EIO) tests have been successfully used to predict fluid responsiveness in various settings using calibrated pulse contour analysis and echocardiography. The aim of this study was to test if respiratory occlusion tests predicted fluid responsiveness reliably in cardiac surgical patients with protective ventilation. This single-centre, prospective study, included 57 ventilated patients after elective coronary artery bypass grafting who were indicated for fluid expansion. Baseline echocardiographic measurements were obtained and patients with significant cardiac pathology were excluded. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume and stroke volume variation were recorded using uncalibrated pulse contour analysis at baseline, after performing EEO and EIO tests and after volume expansion (7 mL\/kg of succinylated gelatin). Fluid responsiveness was defined as an increase in cardiac index by 15%. Neither EEO, EIO nor their combination predicted fluid responsiveness reliably in our study. After a combined EEO and EIO, a cut-off point for CI change of 16.7% predicted fluid responsiveness with a sensitivity of 61.8%, specificity of 69.6% and ROC AUC of 0.593. In elective cardiac surgical patients with protective ventilation, respiratory occlusion tests failed to predict fluid responsiveness using uncalibrated pulse contour analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T03:32:25Z","timestamp":1680060745000},"page":"2569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prediction of Fluid Responsiveness Using Combined End-Expiratory and End-Inspiratory Occlusion Tests in Cardiac Surgical Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4435-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Horejsek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1864-2143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Bal\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kunst\u00fd\u0159","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8119-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Mich\u00e1lek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim BT41 2RL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1\u0161","family":"Bro\u017eek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Kopeck\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4668-5837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Waldauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Resuscitation, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 Vinohrady in Prague, 10034 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0314-7465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Po\u0159\u00edzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002103","article-title":"Use of the fluid challenge in critically ill adult patients: A systematic review","volume":"125","author":"Messina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth. 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