{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:02:28Z","timestamp":1760148148857,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(Background) The period experienced during the COVID-19 virus and the respective social regulations associated with it caused enormous psychosocial stress. (Objective) The objective of the present work was to observe whether the lived period induced a change in delusional characterizations in subjects with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. (Methods) A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for systematic reviews of the PRISMA GROUP. The literature search was conducted from November 2021 to May 2022, using various scientific platforms including PubMed. (Results) A total of 865 articles were found, from which 176 duplicates were removed. The remaining articles were reviewed by reading the titles and abstracts; fourteen were included. (Conclusions) During this research, it was possible to confirm the initial thesis, namely that delirium absorbs external reality by being modified by it. It was observed that the speed of absorption is estimated to be directly proportional to the speed of the modification of social reality and to the impact that the latter has on the subject\u2019s private sphere. Moreover, the situation of radical change represented a condition of abnormal psychosocial stress, which led to an increase in diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and, specifically, a weighty increase in diagnoses of brief psychotic disorder (BDP). In the coming years, it is estimated that there will be an increase in diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum disorder caused by both environmental and biological factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T01:39:26Z","timestamp":1680658766000},"page":"2698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Clinical Psychological View about Delusional Characterizations in Subjects with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder during the COVID-19 Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marilena","family":"Maglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (COEHAR), University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6941-9454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Salvina","family":"Signorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonino","family":"Petralia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Idria","family":"Verduzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concerto","family":"Carmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2196-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Rodolico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Di Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunter Bellevue School of Nursing, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7414-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Caponnetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (COEHAR), University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.]. DSM-5.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113052","article-title":"Psychosis in a patient with anxiety related to COVID-19: A case report","volume":"289","author":"Herrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113001","article-title":"COVID-19 paranoia in a patient suffering from schizophrenic psychosis\u2014A case report","volume":"288","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_1130_20","article-title":"Brief psychotic disorder during COVID-19 pandemic: A case series","volume":"63","author":"Sunbul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22639","DOI":"10.2196\/22639","article-title":"The COVID-19 Infodemic: Infodemiology Study Analyzing Stigmatizing Search Terms","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.05.005","article-title":"The potential impact of COVID-19 on psychosis: A rapid review of contemporary epidemic and pandemic research","volume":"222","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caponnetto, P., Benenati, A., and Maglia, M.G. (2021). Psychopathological Impact and Resilient Scenarios in Inpatients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Related to COVID Physical Distancing Policies: A Systematic Review. Behav. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs11040049"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Balaguer, A., Sanz-Aranguez-\u00c1vila, B., Gil-Benito, E., Solari-Heresmann, L.M., Sol-Calder\u00f3n, P.D., Gayubo-Moreo, L., and Arce-Cord\u00f3n, R. (2021). \u00bfLa pandemia de COVID-19 condiciona el contenido delirante de los pacientes con psicosis? Un estudio observacional [Does the COVID-19 pandemic condition the delusional content of patients with psychosis? An observational study]. Rev. Colomb. Psiquiatr., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcp.2021.07.004"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113455","article-title":"Paranoia, hallucinations and compulsive buying during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in the United Kingdom: A preliminary experimental study","volume":"293","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"5","article-title":"Clinical characterization of brief psychotic disorders triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicenter observational study","volume":"272","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"15","article-title":"Brief Psychotic Disorder during the National Lockdown in Italy: An Emerging Clinical Phenomenon of the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"47","author":"Giordano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01228-6","article-title":"Peripandemic psychiatric emergencies: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients according to diagnostic subgroup","volume":"271","author":"Seifert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_790_21","article-title":"Did psychopathology in Indian psychiatric patients change following the COVID-19 pandemic?","volume":"63","author":"Behere","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20l02640","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.20l02640","article-title":"Psychosis in Patients in COVID-19-Related Quarantine: A Case Series","volume":"22","author":"Finatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236940","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-236940","article-title":"COVID-19-associated brief psychotic disorder","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20l02649","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.20l02649","article-title":"Psychosis and Infodemic Isolation Resulting in First Inpatient Hospitalization During the COVID-19 Pandemic A Case Series","volume":"22","author":"Shanbour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20l02741","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.20l02741","article-title":"Lockdown and Psychosis: A Paranoid Delusion","volume":"22","author":"Nava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102692","article-title":"Fear of spreading COVID-19 infection in a female with psychotic illness leading to suicidal and homicidal attempt: A case report","volume":"61","author":"Grover","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055405051452","article-title":"The New Videomalaise: Effects of Televised Incivility on Political Trust","volume":"99","author":"Mutz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Political Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/46.4.503","article-title":"Performance of an Abbreviated Version of the Lubben Social Network Scale among Three European Community-Dwelling Older Adult Populations","volume":"46","author":"Lubben","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8","article-title":"The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation","volume":"20","author":"Ahorsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.5.427","article-title":"Psychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population","volume":"186","author":"Freeman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(81)90027-1","article-title":"The measurement of hallucinatory predisposition in male and female prisoners","volume":"2","author":"Launay","year":"1981","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards, E.A. (1993). Edwards Compulsive Buying Scale, APA PsycTests.","DOI":"10.1037\/t22901-000"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2020.05.012","article-title":"COVID-19 Psychosis: A Potential New Neuropsychiatric Condition Triggered by Novel Coronavirus Infection and the Inflammatory Response?","volume":"61","author":"Ferrando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Yaseen, A., Al-Haidar, A., Taim, D., Eid, H., Ababneh, N.A., Bakri, F.G., and Mahafzah, A. (2020). COVID-19 misinformation: Mere harmless delusions or much more? A knowledge and attitude cross-sectional study among the general public residing in Jordan. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.13.20152694"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, F., Wu, Y., Hu, X., Guo, J., Yang, X., and Zhao, X. (2021). The Role of Conspiracy Theories in the Spread of COVID-19 across the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073843"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2020.157","article-title":"Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Narrative review","volume":"7","author":"Zhand","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00072","article-title":"Schizophrenia and influenza at the centenary of the 1918-1919 spanish influenza pandemic: Mechanism of psychosis risk","volume":"11","author":"Kepinska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557611","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.557611","article-title":"Mental Symptoms and Stress of Hospitalized Schizophrenia Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease: An Observation Study","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/7\/2698\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:09:54Z","timestamp":1760123394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/7\/2698"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12072698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12072698","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]}}}