{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:34Z","timestamp":1787028634275,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To assess the determinants of lipid parameters in primary care patients without diagnosed cardiovascular disease (CVD), a cross-sectional study was conducted during 2018\u20132019 with a total of 200 patients. The following lipid parameters were measured: total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), small, dense LDL (sdLDL-C), and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)). Predictors of elevated and adequately controlled lipid parameters were assessed with logistic regression analysis. Older age was related to higher risk of TC \u2265 6.2 mmol\/L [OR 1.03 (95% CI 1.0\u20131.05)], sdLDL-C \u2265 1.0 mmol\/L [OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.0\u20131.1)], and decreased risk of Lp(a) \u2265 50 mg\/dL [OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.94\u20130.99)]. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) had increased probability of TG \u2265 2.25 mmol\/L [OR 3.77 (95% CI 1.34\u201310.6)] and Lp(a) \u2265 50 mg\/dL [OR 2.97 (1.34\u20136.10)] as well as adequate control of TG and Lp(a). Higher material status was related to lower risk of TC \u2265 6.2 mmol\/L [OR 0.19 (95% CI 0.04\u20130.82)] and LDL-C \u2265 3.6 mmol\/L [OR 0.33 (95% CI 0.12\u20130.92)]. High BMI was related to increased [OR 1.14 (95% CI 1.02\u20131.29)], and female gender [OR 0.33 (95% CI 0.12\u20130.96)] and hypertension [OR 0.29 (95% CI 0.1\u20130.87)] to decreased risk of TG \u2265 2.25 mmol\/L [OR 1.14 (95% CI 1.02\u20131.29)]. Taking lipid-lowering drugs (LLD) was associated with LDL-C &lt; 2.6 mmol\/L [OR 2.1 (95% CI 1.05\u20134.19)] and Lp(a) &lt; 30 mg\/dL [OR 0.48 (95% CI 0.25\u20130.93)]. Physical activity was related to LDL-C &lt; 2.6 mmol\/L [OR 2.02 (95% CI 1.02\u20133.98)]. Higher abdominal circumference was associated with decreased risk of TG &lt; 1.7 mmol\/L [OR 0.96 (95% CI 0.93\u20130.99)]. Elevated lipid parameters were related to age, gender, material status, BMI, history of DM, and hypertension. Adequate control was associated with age, education, physical activity, LLD, history of DM, and abdominal circumference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T05:54:39Z","timestamp":1680760479000},"page":"2738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Determinants of Lipid Parameters in Patients without Diagnosed Cardiovascular Disease\u2014Results of the Polish Arm of the EUROASPIRE V Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3059-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Ratajczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Health Promotion, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldona","family":"Kubica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Health Promotion, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9667-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Health Promotion, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7798-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Pietrzykowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Health Promotion, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4735-2356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Bia\u0142czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Circle of Cardiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1368-3475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Kosobucka-Ozdoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Health Promotion, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9912-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7700-0952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Buczkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Krintus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6223-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatric Cardiology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8250-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Kubica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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