{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T20:47:31Z","timestamp":1783630051050,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81830033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81830033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81830033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81830033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61761166004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61761166004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81830033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81830033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81830033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81830033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61761166004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61761166004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Freezing of gait (FOG) is a common disabling symptom in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Cognitive impairment may contribute to FOG. Nevertheless, their correlations remain controversial. We aimed to investigate cognitive differences between PD patients with and without FOG (nFOG), explore correlations between FOG severity and cognitive performance and assess cognitive heterogeneity within the FOG patients. Methods: Seventy-four PD patients (41 FOG, 33 nFOG) and 32 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Comprehensive neuropsychological assessments testing cognitive domains of global cognition, executive function\/attention, working memory, and visuospatial function were performed. Cognitive performance was compared between groups using independent t-test and ANCOVA adjusting for age, sex, education, disease duration and motor symptoms. The k-means cluster analysis was used to explore cognitive heterogeneity within the FOG group. Correlation between FOG severity and cognition were analyzed using partial correlations. Results: FOG patients showed significantly poorer performance in global cognition (MoCA, p &lt; 0.001), frontal lobe function (FAB, p = 0.015), attention and working memory (SDMT, p &lt; 0.001) and executive function (SIE, p = 0.038) than nFOG patients. The FOG group was divided into two clusters using the cluster analysis, of which cluster 1 exhibited worse cognition, and with older age, lower improvement rate, higher FOGQ3 score, and higher proportion of levodopa-unresponsive FOG than cluster 2. Further, in the FOG group, cognition was significantly correlated with FOG severity in MoCA (r = \u22120.382, p = 0.021), Stroop-C (r = 0.362, p = 0.030) and SIE (r = 0.369, p = 0.027). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the cognitive impairments of FOG were mainly reflected by global cognition, frontal lobe function, executive function, attention and working memory. There may be heterogeneity in the cognitive impairment of FOG patients. Additionally, executive function was significantly correlated with FOG severity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T07:11:43Z","timestamp":1681110703000},"page":"2799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Association between Cognitive Impairment and Freezing of Gait in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yifei","family":"Gan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hutao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianqi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixiao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5914-0804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0009-0574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70143-0","article-title":"Freezing of gait: Moving forward on a mysterious clinical phenomenon","volume":"10","author":"Nutt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.753","article-title":"Prevalence, determinants, and effect on quality of life of freezing of gait in Parkinson disease","volume":"71","author":"Damier","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.12.020","article-title":"A 12-year population-based study of freezing of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Forsaa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Park. 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