{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T08:42:46Z","timestamp":1772786566464,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hand Therapy Barcelona\u2019s Physical Therapy"},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proximal interphalangeal joint flexion contracture is a frequent condition in hand therapy. Clinicians most frequently apply orthosis management for conservative treatment. Orthoses should apply forces for long periods of time following the total end range time (TERT) concept. These forces necessarily transmit through the skin; however, skin has physiological limitations determined by blood flow. Using three fresh frozen human cadavers, this study quantified and compared forces, skin contact surfaces and pressure of two finger orthoses, an elastic tension digital neoprene orthosis (ETDNO) and an LMB 501 orthosis. The study also investigated the effects of a new method of orthosis construction (serial ETDNO orthoses) that customizes forces to a specific finger position. We evaluated forces and contact surfaces for multiple ETDNO models tailored to the cadaver fingers in multiple PIP flexion positions. The results showed that the LMB 501 orthosis applied pressures beyond the recommended limits if applied for more than eight hours a day. This fact was the cause of time limited LMB orthosis application. This results also show that, at 30\u00b0 of PIPJ flexion, straight ETDNOs created a mean pressure approaching the end of the recommended pressure limits. If the therapist modified the ETDNO design, the skin pressure decreased and reduced the risk of skin damage. With the results of this study, we concluded that for PIPJ flexion contracture, the upper limit of force application is 200 g (1.96 N). Forces beyond this amount would likely cause skin irritation and possibly skin injuries. This would cause a reduction in the daily TERT and limit outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T01:32:03Z","timestamp":1681435923000},"page":"2855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Cadaver Based Comparison of Two Elastic Tension Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIPJ) Extension Orthoses with Focus on Force Generation and Pressure Distribution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Vicen\u00e7","family":"Punsola-Izard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand Therapy Barcelona Physical Therapy and Clinical Investigation Center, 08010 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, Gimbernat School of Physical Therapy, 08174 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Carnicero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand Therapy Barcelona Physical Therapy and Clinical Investigation Center, 08010 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ozaes-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand Therapy Barcelona Physical Therapy and Clinical Investigation Center, 08010 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judit","family":"Mendieta-Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand Therapy Barcelona Physical Therapy and Clinical Investigation Center, 08010 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, Gimbernat School of Physical Therapy, 08174 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Romera-Orfila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand Therapy Barcelona Physical Therapy and Clinical Investigation Center, 08010 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9457-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen S.","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karen Schultz Hand and Upper Limb Strategies (KSHULS), Littleton, CO 80120, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Llus\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9116-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aroa","family":"Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand Therapy Barcelona Physical Therapy and Clinical Investigation Center, 08010 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, Gimbernat School of Physical Therapy, 08174 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00743-5","article-title":"Contractures of the proximal interphalangeal joint","volume":"8","author":"Mansat","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/74.12.1101","article-title":"The use of splints in the treatment of joint stiffness: Biologic rationale and an algorithm for making clinical decisions","volume":"74","author":"McClure","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. 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