{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:15:53Z","timestamp":1791224153122,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the city office in Szczecin","award":["CRU 17\/0004593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRU 17\/0004593"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To determine the prevalence of refractive errors in a group of 8-year-old school children in northwestern Poland. Material and Methods: In 2017\u20132019, refractive errors were examined in a group of 1518 Caucasian children aged 8 years old with cycloplegia. Refraction was obtained with a hand-held autorefractor (Retinomax 3). The refractive error reading was expressed as the spherical equivalent (SE) as myopia (\u2264\u22120.5 D), emmetropia (&gt;\u22120.5 D to \u2264+0.5 D), mild hyperopia (&gt;+0.5 D to \u2264+2.0 D) and hyperopia (&gt;+2.0 D), and astigmatism (\u2264\u22120.75 DC) and anisometropia (\u22651.00 D). Data analysis was performed using Statistica 13.5 software and included Pearson\u2019s chi-squared and Mann\u2013Whitney U tests. p-values of &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Mild hyperopia was most common (37.6%), myopia was observed in 16.8% and astigmatism in 10.6% of participants. Pseudomyopia concerned up to 51.91% children. Girls were significantly more likely to have mild hyperopia (p = 0.0144) and were significantly more likely to wear glasses (p = 0.00093). Conclusions: Screening children for refractive errors after cycloplegia is key for detecting accommodative spasm and refractive errors. The largest group of children presented with mild hyperopia, which is a physiological feature of refraction in 8-year-old children, but myopia and astigmatism were the most common refractive errors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1681464223000},"page":"2880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evaluation of the Prevalence of Refractive Defects and Ocular Function in a Group of 1518 Children Aged 8 Years in Northwestern Poland\u2014A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9221-8909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modrzejewska","family":"Monika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin in Poland, Al. Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7988-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Durajczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin in Poland, Al. Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00454-7","article-title":"Refractive error study in children: Results from La Florida, Chile","volume":"129","author":"Maul","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. 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