{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:51:51Z","timestamp":1790718711409,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maximal heart rate (HRmax) is a widely used measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. Prediction of HRmax is an alternative to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), but its accuracy among endurance athletes (EA) requires evaluation. This study aimed to externally validate HRmax prediction models in the EA independently for running and cycling CPET. A total of 4043 runners (age = 33.6 (8.1) years; 83.5% males; BMI = 23.7 (2.5) kg\u00b7m\u22122) and 1026 cyclists (age = 36.9 (9.0) years; 89.7% males; BMI = 24.0 (2.7) kg\u00b7m\u22122) underwent maximum CPET. Student t-test, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were applied to validate eight running and five cycling HRmax equations externally. HRmax was 184.6 (9.8) beats\u00b7min\u22121 and 182.7 (10.3) beats\u00b7min\u22121, respectively, for running and cycling, p = 0.001. Measured and predicted HRmax differed significantly (p = 0.001) for 9 of 13 (69.2%) models. HRmax was overestimated by eight (61.5%) and underestimated by five (38.5%) formulae. Overestimated HRmax amounted to 4.9 beats\u00b7min\u22121 and underestimated HRmax was in the range up to 4.9 beats\u00b7min\u22121. RMSE was 9.1\u201310.5. MAPE ranged to 4.7%. Prediction models allow for limited precision of HRmax estimation and present inaccuracies. HRmax was more often underestimated than overestimated. Predicted HRmax can be implemented for EA as a supplemental method, but CPET is the preferable method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T09:23:43Z","timestamp":1681464223000},"page":"2884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Validity of the Maximal Heart Rate Prediction Models among Runners and Cyclists"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0303-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw Seweryn","family":"Kasiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szczepan","family":"Wiecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Health, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Biala Podlaska, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Cie\u015bli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Health, Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Biala Podlaska, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Takken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology, Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children\u2019s Hospital, UMC Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Lach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Barylski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-549 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9569-1486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Mamcarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5917-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"\u015ali\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 04-749 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198805050-00002","article-title":"Heart rate and exercise intensity during sports activities. 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