{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:05:31Z","timestamp":1760148331238,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The current study aimed to investigate the anatomical position of the gonadal veins (GVs) from the viewpoint of spine surgery and the risk factors associated with lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF). Methods: This retrospective study included 99 consecutive patients. The GV locations were divided into the ventral (V), dorsal medial (DM), and dorsal lateral (DL) sides based on lumbar disk levels on axial contrast-enhanced computed tomography images. The DM region surrounded by the vertebral body and psoas muscle had the highest risk of GV injury. The GV at each intervertebral disk level was examined in terms of laterality and sex. The patients were divided into group M (which included those with GV in the DM region at any vertebral level) and group O (which included those without GV in the DM region at any vertebral level). Then, the two groups were compared. Results: In the case of lower lumbar levels and in women, the GVs were commonly observed in the DM region. Group M had a higher incidence of degenerative scoliosis than group O and a significantly larger Cobb angle. Conclusions: We should pay close attention to the GV location on the preoperative image when using LLIF, particularly in female patients with degenerative scoliosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12083041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T02:31:05Z","timestamp":1682303465000},"page":"3041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anatomical Analysis of the Gonadal Veins and Spine in Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yujiro","family":"Kagami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan 483-8704, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo 446-8602, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0039-9678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan 483-8704, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Satake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan 483-8704, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenyu","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan 483-8704, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3496-5551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikito","family":"Tsushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan 483-8704, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9681-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoki","family":"Segi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan 483-8704, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan 483-8704, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ouchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan 483-8704, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan 483-8704, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukihito","family":"Ode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan 483-8704, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Imagama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Shouwa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0488-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tokumi","family":"Kanemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konan Kosei Hospital, Konan 483-8704, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.7.FOCUS11137","article-title":"Minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion and transpsoas approach\u2013related morbidity","volume":"31","author":"Moller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.08.012","article-title":"Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF): A novel surgical technique for anterior lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"6","author":"Ozgur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S331","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182022db0","article-title":"A Radiographic Assessment of the Ability of the Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion Procedure to Indirectly Decompress the Neural Elements","volume":"35","author":"Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e1040a","article-title":"Intraoperative and Early Postoperative Complications in Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion: An analysis of 600 cases","volume":"36","author":"Rodgers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2019.05.024","article-title":"Anterior lumbar fusion techniques: ALIF, OLIF, DLIF, LLIF, IXLIF","volume":"106","author":"Allain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"2","article-title":"Lumbar interbody fusion: Techniques, indications and comparison of interbody fusion options including PLIF, TLIF, MI-TLIF, OLIF\/ATP, LLIF and ALIF","volume":"1","author":"Mobbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"S133","article-title":"Two-Year Comparative Outcomes of MIS Lateral and MIS Transforaminal Interbody Fusion in the Treatment of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. Part II: Radiographic findings","volume":"41","author":"Isaacs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2007.04.002","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Techniques for Lumbar Interbody Fusions","volume":"38","author":"Shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01699-8","article-title":"Incidence of major and minor vascular injuries during lateral access lumbar interbody fusion procedures: A retrospective comparative study and systematic literature review","volume":"45","author":"Aguirre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12380","article-title":"Complications and Prevention Strategies of Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion Technique","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.22603\/ssrr.2021-0013","article-title":"Assessment of Ureters at Dangerous Locations in Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion","volume":"6","author":"Kagami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine Surg. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a029e1","article-title":"Morphometric Analysis of the Ventral Nerve Roots and Retroperitoneal Vessels with Respect to the Minimally Invasive Lateral Approach in Normal and Deformed Spines","volume":"34","author":"Regev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181bdcaa4","article-title":"Diagnostic Imaging of Spinal Deformities: Reducing patients radiation dose with a new slot-scanning X-ray imager","volume":"35","author":"Charron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90887-0","article-title":"Instrument for measuring the cobb angle in scoliosis","volume":"313","author":"Whittle","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244","article-title":"Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software \u2018EZR\u2019 for medical statistics","volume":"48","author":"Kanda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1015","article-title":"MDCT of the Ovarian Vein: Normal Anatomy and Pathology","volume":"192","author":"Karaosmanoglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2005.05.006","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of the gonadal veins in human foetuses","volume":"187","author":"Szpinda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"551","article-title":"A cadaveric study of the testicular artery in the South Indian population","volume":"49","author":"Pai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2011.10.013","article-title":"Anatomy of the Origin of the Gonadal Veins on CT","volume":"23","author":"Barber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1010","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000524","article-title":"Morphometric Analysis of the Retroperitoneal Vessels with Respect to Lateral Access Surgery in Adult Scoliosis","volume":"30","author":"Makanji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-019-04197-x","article-title":"Incidence and Clinical Outcomes of Gonadal Artery Injury during Colorectal Surgery in Male Patients","volume":"23","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.153539","article-title":"Varicocele and testicular function","volume":"17","author":"Pastuszak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvir.2021.100732","article-title":"Ovarian Vein Embolization: How and When Should It Be Done?","volume":"24","author":"Joh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tech. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5803-x","article-title":"Anatomic evaluation of retroperitoneal organs for lateral approach surgery: A prospective imaging study using computed tomography in the lateral decubitus position","volume":"28","author":"Ouchida","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/8\/3041\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:20:59Z","timestamp":1760124059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/8\/3041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12083041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12083041","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]}}}