{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:49:25Z","timestamp":1790567365299,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cytokine profile in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) differs from that in healthy controls. Due to the different pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the genesis of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and POAG, it is possible that the cytokine profile could also differ. The main objective of this study was to compare the concentrations of cytokines in the aqueous humor of patients with PCG with those of POAG patients and a control group. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Aqueous humor samples were taken from PCG and POAG patients eligible for glaucoma or cataract surgery and from patients undergoing cataract surgery. Twenty-seven cytokines were analyzed using the Human Cytokine 27-Plex Immunoassay Kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). Results: A total of 107 subjects were included: patients with PCG (n = 19), patients with POAG (n = 54), and a control group (CG) of patients undergoing cataract surgery (n = 34). Most cytokines measured in aqueous humor in PCG presented decreased values compared with POAG and controls. A statistically significant difference was observed in IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-5, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17A, Eotaxin, FGF basic, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-\u03b3, MIP-1\u03b1, PDGF-bb, MIP-1\u03b2, RANTES, TNF-\u03b1, and VEGF. Conclusion: PCG patients have a cytokine profile in aqueous humor different from POAG patients and patients without glaucoma, characterized by lower concentrations of multiple cytokines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T02:18:34Z","timestamp":1682561914000},"page":"3142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Aqueous Humor Cytokine Profile in Primary Congenital Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3577-6880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Oribio-Quinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Burgos-Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2339-3682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Espino-Pais\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00e9tica de Enfermedades Complejas, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0614-4606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Sarri\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8745-3464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ignacio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Vigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Garc\u00eda-Feij\u00f3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Institute of Health Research (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Oftalmolog\u00eda y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28232 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61423-7","article-title":"Glaucoma","volume":"377","author":"Quigley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R28","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx205","article-title":"Primary Congenital and Developmental Glaucomas","volume":"26","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000516","article-title":"New Classification System for Pediatric Glaucoma: Implications for Clinical Care and a Research Registry","volume":"29","author":"Thau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1994.tb11853.x","article-title":"Causes of Blindness and Severe Visual Impairment in Children in Chile","volume":"36","author":"Gilbert","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"76","article-title":"Epidemiology and Genetics of Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Slovakia. Description of a Form of Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Gypsies with Autosomal-Recessive Inheritance and Complete Penetrance","volume":"16","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dev. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.3.367","article-title":"Multiple CYP1B1 Mutations and Incomplete Penetrance in an Inbred Population Segregating Primary Congenital Glaucoma Suggest Frequent de Novo Events and a Dominant Modifier Locus","volume":"9","author":"Bejjani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20040901-11","article-title":"Primary Congenital Glaucoma: 2004 Update","volume":"41","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Elhusseiny, A.M., George, J., Chang, T.C., Barre, I., Aref, A.A., Umfress, A., and Cui, Q.N. (2023, March 01). Childhood Glaucoma Research Network Classification and Epidemiology of Childhood Glaucoma. Available online: https:\/\/eyewiki.org\/Childhood_Glaucoma_Research_Network_Classification_and_Epidemiology_of_Childhood_Glaucoma."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.75878","article-title":"Primary Congenital Glaucoma and the Involvement of CYP1B1","volume":"18","author":"Kaur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Middle East Afr. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"431","article-title":"Expression Profile of Inflammatory Cytokines in Aqueous from Glaucomatous Eyes","volume":"18","author":"Chua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2012.08.010","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Glaucoma","volume":"58","author":"Vohra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"795","article-title":"Inflammatory Model in Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Pantalon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4247","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Concentrations in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Glaucoma","volume":"51","author":"Sawada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e768","article-title":"Tear and Aqueous Humour Cytokine Profile in Primary Open-angle Glaucoma","volume":"98","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2017.1362003","article-title":"Multiplex Cytokine Analysis of Aqueous Humor from the Patients with Chronic Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma","volume":"42","author":"Duvesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3833","DOI":"10.19082\/3833","article-title":"Levels of Cytokines in the Aqueous Humor of Eyes with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma and Cataract","volume":"9","author":"Khalef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, Z., Gao, Y., Tang, Y., Tian, X., Zheng, Y., and Han, Q. (2023). Aqueous Humor Cytokine Levels Are Associated with the Severity of Visual Field Defects in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. BMC Ophthalmol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-02875-8"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"European Glaucoma Society (2008). Terminology and Guidelines for Glaucoma, Dogma."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1327605","article-title":"Characteristic Profiles of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Aqueous Humor of Glaucomatous Eyes","volume":"26","author":"Kokubun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13899","article-title":"Intraocular Cytokine Profile and Autoimmune Reactions in Retinitis Pigmentosa, Age-related Macular Degeneration, Glaucoma and Cataract","volume":"97","author":"Fazil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"925","article-title":"Analyzing Cytokines as Biomarkers to Evaluate Severity of Glaucoma","volume":"10","author":"Tong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-19-2377","article-title":"Developmental Characteristics of the Cytokine Profile in Aqueous Humor and Its Relationship with the Inflammatory Response in Children","volume":"8","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940802409969","article-title":"Distinct Cytokine Patterns in the Aqueous Humor of Children, Adolescents and Adults with Uveitis","volume":"16","author":"Sijssens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohira, S., Inoue, T., Iwao, K., Takahashi, E., and Tanihara, H. (2016). Factors Influencing Aqueous Proinflammatory Cytokines and Growth Factors in Uveitic Glaucoma. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147080"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.06.005","article-title":"Primary Congenital Glaucoma","volume":"221","author":"Ko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BIO106","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21723","article-title":"Functional Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in Tears of Patients with Glaucoma","volume":"58","author":"Sahay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17865-2","article-title":"Cytokine Profiling in Healthy Children Shows Association of Age with Cytokine Concentrations","volume":"7","author":"Decker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"283","article-title":"Intracellular T-Cell Cytokine Levels Are Age-Dependent in Healthy Children and Adults","volume":"16","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434010","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/434010","article-title":"Cytokine Levels in the Serum of Healthy Subjects","volume":"2013","author":"Kleiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00004","article-title":"Characteristic Cytokine Profiles of Aqueous Humor in Glaucoma Secondary to Sturge-Weber Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garweg, J.G., Zandi, S., Pfister, I.B., Skowronska, M., and Gerhardt, C. (2017). Comparison of Cytokine Profiles in the Aqueous Humor of Eyes with Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Glaucoma. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182571"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/9\/3142\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:24:01Z","timestamp":1760124241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/9\/3142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12093142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12093142","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]}}}