{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:52:32Z","timestamp":1790178752788,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The aim of the present study was to summarise the available data about the link between air pollution exposure and the new-onset and severity of psychiatric disorders in pregnant women during the perinatal period. Materials and methods: We selected articles published until June 2022 on PubMed and the Web of Science. Pollutants included were PM2.5 (particulate matter 2.5 micrometres and smaller), PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometres and smaller), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), O3 (ozone), SO2 (sulphur dioxide), CO (carbon monoxide), PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers), PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), lead, and cadmium. The perinatal period was considered as the time of pregnancy until one year after childbirth. Results: Nine studies were included; most of them evaluated the association between exposure to air pollutants and the onset of Postpartum Depression (PPD). Two studies showed an association between, respectively, only PM2.5 and both PM2.5 and NO2 exposure and PPD onset 12 months after childbirth, while another study found a significant association between NO2 exposure and PPD occurrence 6 months after childbirth. PBDE blood levels were associated with more severe depressive symptoms. Lastly, one study observed a link between stressful symptoms and exposure to PM2.5, PM10 during pregnancy. Conclusion: More comprehensive and uniform studies are required to make a roadmap for future interventions, given the growing relevance of issues such pollution and mental health, particularly during the perinatal period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T02:18:34Z","timestamp":1682561914000},"page":"3146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Air Pollution and Perinatal Mental Health: A Comprehensive Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Surace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Quitadamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8493-0779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Caldiroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8350-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Capuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4984-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizia","family":"Colmegna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Nosari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Borroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Fedrizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0370-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Bollati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0261-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela Cecilia","family":"Pesatori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5212-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Carugno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Clerici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3359-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Buoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101747","article-title":"A Public Health Approach to Perinatal Mental Health: Improving Health and Wellbeing of Mothers and Babies","volume":"49","author":"Tripathy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000377","article-title":"Psychiatric Emergencies in Pregnancy and Postpartum","volume":"61","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"283","article-title":"Parental factors influencing patterns of prenatal care utilization","volume":"17","author":"Alexander","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390320971358","article-title":"Are Pediatric Providers On-Board With Current Recommendations Related to Maternal Mental Health Screening at Well-Child Visits in the State of Georgia?","volume":"28","author":"Barrow","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Psychiatr. Nurses. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.05.003","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of the Prevalence and Incidence of Perinatal Depression","volume":"219","author":"Woody","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03253","DOI":"10.1590\/s1980-220x2016048003253","article-title":"Anxiety in pregnancy: Prevalence and associated factors","volume":"51","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Esc. Enferm. USP"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16040454","article-title":"Postpartum Psychosis: Madness, Mania, and Melancholia in Motherhood","volume":"173","author":"Bergink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2013.09.002","article-title":"Perinatal Mental Illness: Definition, Description and Aetiology","volume":"28","author":"Wisner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13084","article-title":"The Role of Clock Genes in Perinatal Depression: The Light in the Darkness","volume":"140","author":"Buoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.056","article-title":"The Role of Epigenetics in Perinatal Depression: Are There Any Candidate Biomarkers?","volume":"280","author":"Carnevali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.01.027","article-title":"Perinatal Major Depression Biomarkers: A Systematic Review","volume":"193","author":"Serati","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-010-0196-9","article-title":"Employment Conditions and Maternal Postpartum Mental Health: Results from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children","volume":"14","author":"Cooklin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0168-6","article-title":"The Interplay of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Health","volume":"4","author":"Orru","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Abbaffati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: An analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1915834","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.15834","article-title":"Burden of Cause-Specific Mortality Associated With PM 2.5 Air Pollution in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Bowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143734","article-title":"A critical review of the epidemiological evidence of effects of air pollution on dementia, cognitive function and cognitive decline in adult population","volume":"757","author":"Guercio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.044","article-title":"Is There a Link between Air Pollution and Mental Disorders?","volume":"118","author":"Buoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118245","article-title":"Air Pollution Exposure and Depression: A Comprehensive Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"292","author":"Borroni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2015.11.008","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of Traffic-Related Air Pollution","volume":"59","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroToxicology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monti, P., Iodice, S., Tarantini, L., Sacchi, F., Ferrari, L., Ruscica, M., Buoli, M., Vigna, L., Pesatori, A.C., and Bollati, V. (2021). Effects of PM Exposure on the Methylation of Clock Genes in A Population of Subjects with Overweight or Obesity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031122"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, F., Kohsaka, A., Bhawal, U., and Muragaki, Y. (2018). Potential Roles of Dec and Bmal1 Genes in Interconnecting Circadian Clock and Energy Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030781"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665116000628","article-title":"Circadian rhythms, food timing and obesity","volume":"75","author":"Garaulet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borroni, E., Pesatori, A.C., Nosari, G., Monti, P., Ceresa, A., Fedrizzi, P., Bollati, V., Buoli, M., and Carugno, M. (2023). Understanding the Interplay between Air Pollution, Biological Variables, and Major Depressive Disorder: Rationale and Study Protocol of the DeprAir Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20065196"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734825","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.734825","article-title":"The Methylation of Clock Genes in Perinatal Depression: Which Role for Oxytocin?","volume":"12","author":"Iodice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serati, M., Esposito, C.M., Grassi, S., Bollati, V., Barkin, J.L., and Buoli, M. (2020). The Association between Plasma ERVWE1 Concentrations and Affective Symptoms during Pregnancy: Is This a Friendly Alien?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249217"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13056","article-title":"Sleep quality during pregnancy: Associations with depressive and anxiety symptoms","volume":"96","author":"Aukia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609815666220414104832","article-title":"Oxytocin Release: A Remedy for Cerebral Inflammaging","volume":"15","author":"Buemann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Aging Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000354702","article-title":"Changes in the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy and postpartum: Influences on maternal and fetal outcomes","volume":"98","author":"Duthie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2013.10.007","article-title":"New insights into the role of perinatal HPA-axis dysregulation in postpartum depression","volume":"47","author":"Glynn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201402700203","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone, microglia and mental disorders","volume":"27","author":"Kritas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.10.005","article-title":"Glucocorticoids mediate stress-induced priming of microglial pro-inflammatory responses","volume":"26","author":"Frank","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730414553971","article-title":"Adrenal clocks and the role of adrenal hormones in the regulation of circadian physiology","volume":"30","author":"Leliavski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy129","article-title":"Neuroendocrine Regulation of Air Pollution Health Effects: Emerging Insights","volume":"164","author":"Snow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP494","article-title":"Association of Ambient Air Pollution with Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Older Adults: Results from the NSHAP Study","volume":"125","author":"Pun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-013-0378-3","article-title":"An examination of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms among women served by urban community health centers","volume":"17","author":"Sidebottom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/S146342361400036X","article-title":"Air Pollution and Your Brain: What Do You Need to Know Right Now","volume":"16","author":"Kulesza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim. Health Care Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D.G. (2009). The PRISMA Group Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.08.003","article-title":"From the Third Month of Pregnancy to 1 Year Postpartum. Prevalence, Incidence, Recurrence, and New Onset of Depression. Results from the Perinatal Depression\u2013Research & Screening Unit Study","volume":"52","author":"Banti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 Explanation and Elaboration: Updated Guidance and Exemplars for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2753.2010.01516.x","article-title":"Assessment of Study Quality for Systematic Reviews: A Comparison of the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool and the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool: Methodological Research: Quality Assessment for Systematic Reviews","volume":"18","author":"Stiles","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Eval. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.02.035","article-title":"Breast Milk Lead and Cadmium Levels from Suburban Areas of Ankara","volume":"409","author":"Aykut","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheffield, P.E., Speranza, R., Chiu, Y.-H.M., Hsu, H.-H.L., Curtin, P.C., Renzetti, S., Pajak, A., Coull, B., Schwartz, J., and Kloog, I. (2018). Association between Particulate Air Pollution Exposure during Pregnancy and Postpartum Maternal Psychological Functioning. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195267"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105694","article-title":"Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) and Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Exposures during Pregnancy and Maternal Depression","volume":"139","author":"Vuong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00807-x","article-title":"Prenatal Ambient Air Pollution and Maternal Depression at 12 Months Postpartum in the MADRES Pregnancy Cohort","volume":"20","author":"Bastain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02845-4","article-title":"Association between Ambient Air Pollution and Perceived Stress in Pregnant Women","volume":"11","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084021","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac1224","article-title":"The Association between Postpartum Depression and Air Pollution during Pregnancy and Postpartum Period: A National Population Study in Taiwan","volume":"16","author":"Shih","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112786","article-title":"Association between Prenatal Exposure to Ambient Air Pollutants and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms: A Multi-City Cohort Study","volume":"209","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105325","article-title":"Particulate Air Pollution Exposure during Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression Symptoms in Women in Mexico City","volume":"134","author":"Niedzwiecki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Tayarani, M., Wang, S., Liu, Y., Sharma, M., Joly, R., RoyChoudhury, A., Hermann, A., Gao, O.H., and Pathak, J. (2021). Identifying Urban Built Environment Factors in Pregnancy Care and Maternal Mental Health Outcomes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04056-1"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.117","article-title":"Pollution Characteristics and Sources of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Indoor Air and Dustfall Measured in University Laboratories in Hangzhou, China","volume":"624","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146658","article-title":"Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers from Automobile Microenvironment: Occurrence, Sources, and Exposure Assessment","volume":"781","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115637","article-title":"Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Organochloride Pesticides in the Organic Matter of Air Suspended Particles in Mexico Valley: A Diagnostic to Evaluate Public Policies","volume":"267","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.128157","article-title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the Three-North Shelter Forest in Northern China: First Survey on the Effects of Forests on the Behavior of PFAS","volume":"427","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grandjean, P., Timmermann, C.A.G., Kruse, M., Nielsen, F., Vinholt, P.J., Boding, L., Heilmann, C., and M\u00f8lbak, K. (2020). Severity of COVID-19 at Elevated Exposure to Perfluorinated Alkylates. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.22.20217562"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509755","article-title":"Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Exposure and Thyroid Function Tests in North American Adults","volume":"124","author":"Makey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"11","article-title":"Environmental pollution due to lead and cadmium: Data from air sampling","volume":"21","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.06.030","article-title":"The Effects of Changes in Cadmium and Lead Air Pollution on Cancer Incidence in Children","volume":"408","author":"Absalon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162424","article-title":"Chemical drivers of ozone change in extreme temperatures in eastern China","volume":"874","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(89)90146-9","article-title":"The Interaction between Nitrogen Oxides and Hemoglobin and Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor","volume":"7","author":"Kosaka","year":"1989","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/17435390.2022.2147460","article-title":"Ambient PM2.5 Exposure Causes Cellular Senescence via DNA Damage, Micronuclei Formation, and CGAS Activation","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-017-0142-3","article-title":"Outdoor Ambient Air Pollution and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Neuroinflammation Hypothesis","volume":"4","author":"Jayaraj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12089","article-title":"Role of Immunological Factors in the Pathophysiology and Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder: Comparison with Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"68","author":"Altamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf7844","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf7844","article-title":"Skull and Vertebral Bone Marrow Are Myeloid Cell Reservoirs for the Meninges and CNS Parenchyma","volume":"373","author":"Cugurra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309279","article-title":"Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution Is Associated With Endothelial Injury and Systemic Inflammation","volume":"119","author":"Pope","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05194-y","article-title":"Effects of short- and long-term exposures to particulate matter on inflammatory marker levels in the general population","volume":"26","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100390","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Perinatal Depression and Offspring Outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Sawyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0883-5","article-title":"Impact of Maternal Depression on Perinatal Outcomes in Hospitalized Women\u2014A Prospective Study","volume":"22","author":"Hermon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-019-01012-z","article-title":"Is Perinatal Major Depression Affecting Obstetrical Outcomes? Commentary on \u201cImpact of Maternal Depression on Perinatal Outcome in Hospitalized Women-a Prospective Study\u201d","volume":"23","author":"Buoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.05.013","article-title":"Urban Air Pollution, Poverty, Violence and Health\u2014Neurological and Immunological Aspects as Mediating Factors","volume":"140","author":"Kristiansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0871-9","article-title":"GABAA dysregulation as an explanatory model for late-onset postpartum depression associated with weaning and resumption of menstruation","volume":"22","author":"Burke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115795","article-title":"Evidence for an association of prenatal exposure to particulate matter with clinical severity of Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"228","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguglia, A., Serafini, G., Escelsior, A., Canepa, G., Amore, M., and Maina, G. (2019). Maximum Temperature and Solar Radiation as Predictors of Bipolar Patient Admission in an Emergency Psychiatric Ward. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071140"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkin, J.L., Philipsborn, R.P., Curry, C.L., Upadhyay, S., Geller, P.A., Pardon, M., Dimmock, J., Bridges, C.C., Sikes, C.A., and Kondracki, A.J. (2022). Climate Change Is an Emerging Threat to Perinatal Mental Health. J. Am. Psychiatr. Nurses Assoc., epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1177\/10783903221139831"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03709","article-title":"Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013","volume":"50","author":"Brauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heslehurst, N., Brown, H., Pemu, A., Coleman, H., and Rankin, J. (2018). Perinatal health outcomes and care among asylum seekers and refugees: A systematic review of systematic reviews. BMC Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1064-0"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18022","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.22","article-title":"Postpartum psychiatric disorders","volume":"4","author":"Howard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/9\/3146\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:24:10Z","timestamp":1760124250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/12\/9\/3146"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm12093146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12093146","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]}}}