{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:45:57Z","timestamp":1791841557772,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondi Ateneo per la Ricerca"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sepsis\/septic shock is a life-threatening and time-dependent condition that requires timely management to reduce mortality. This review aims to update physicians with regard to the main pillars of treatment for this insidious condition. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE were searched from inception with special attention paid to November 2021\u2013January 2023. Results: The management of sepsis\/septic shock is challenging and involves different pathophysiological aspects, encompassing empirical antimicrobial treatment (which is promptly administered after microbial tests), fluid (crystalloids) replacement (to be established according to fluid tolerance and fluid responsiveness), and vasoactive agents (e.g., norepinephrine (NE)), which are employed to maintain mean arterial pressure above 65 mmHg and reduce the risk of fluid overload. In cases of refractory shock, vasopressin (rather than epinephrine) should be combined with NE to reach an acceptable level of pressure control. If mechanical ventilation is indicated, the tidal volume should be reduced from 10 to 6 mL\/kg. Heparin is administered to prevent venous thromboembolism, and glycemic control is recommended. The efficacy of other treatments (e.g., proton-pump inhibitors, sodium bicarbonate, etc.) is largely debated, and such treatments might be used on a case-to-case basis. Conclusions: The management of sepsis\/septic shock has significantly progressed in the last few years. Improving knowledge of the main therapeutic cornerstones of this challenging condition is crucial to achieve better patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T09:54:53Z","timestamp":1682675693000},"page":"3188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":265,"title":["2023 Update on Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adult Patients: Management in the Emergency Department"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5841-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Guarino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4365-2968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetta","family":"Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice Eleonora","family":"Cesaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Maritati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Dermatology Diseases, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2285-327X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele Domenico","family":"Spampinato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8809-6470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Contini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Dermatology Diseases, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0867-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"De Giorgio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"409","article-title":"Sepsis: Diagnosis and Management","volume":"101","author":"Gauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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