{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:30:48Z","timestamp":1778200248341,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004700","name":"Taipei Medical University, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TMU110-AE1-B11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMU110-AE1-B11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan","award":["TMU110-AE1-B11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMU110-AE1-B11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune thyroid diseases (ATDs) are potentially connected to lacrimal gland dysfunction and ocular surface disruption. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between ATD, dry eye disease (DED), and corneal surface damage. In a matched nationwide cohort study, we used Taiwan\u2019s National Health Insurance research database to compare the incidences of DED and corneal surface damage between subjects with and without ATD. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the ophthalmological outcomes. A total of 50,251 matched pairs with 748,961 person-years of follow-up were included for analysis. The incidence of DED was 16.37 and 8.36 per 1000 person-years in the ATD and non-ATD groups, respectively. ATDs were significantly associated with increased DED (aHR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.73\u20131.89, p &lt; 0.0001). This association was generally consistent across the subgroups of age, sex, different comorbidity levels, and use of systemic corticosteroids or not. Furthermore, patients with ATD had a higher risk of corneal surface damage compared with non-ATD subjects (aHR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.19\u20131.44, p &lt; 0.0001), including recurrent corneal erosions (aHR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.66\u20132.41, p &lt; 0.0001) and corneal scars (aHR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.59, p = 0.0432). Other independent factors for corneal surface damage were age, sex, diabetes mellitus, Charlson Comorbidity Index scores, and use of systemic corticosteroids. Our results suggested that ATDs were associated with higher risks of DED and corneal surface damage. Considering the high prevalence of ATD, prophylactic and therapeutic strategies should be further developed to prevent irreversible vision loss in this susceptible population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:10:03Z","timestamp":1682943003000},"page":"3203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Association between Autoimmune Thyroid Disease and Ocular Surface Damage: A Retrospective Population-Based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4588-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric W.","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-6873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-Hsuan","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiang-Ling","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-Xiu","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8350-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzeng-Ji","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu 31064, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0201-4380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yih-Giun","family":"Cherng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Chung","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.07.010","article-title":"The Pathophysiology of Dry Eye Disease: What We Know and Future Directions for Research","volume":"124","author":"Pflugfelder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.4394","article-title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Dry Eye and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"140","author":"McCann","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, L., and Wei, W. 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