{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:31:32Z","timestamp":1792096292711,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Head and neck (HN) squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) originate from the epithelial cells of the mucosal linings of the upper aerodigestive tract, which includes the oral cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, and the sinonasal cavities. There are many associated risk factors, including alcohol drinking coupled with tobacco use, which accounts for 70% to 80% of HNSCCs. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is another independent risk factor for oropharyngeal SCC, but it is only a minor contributor to oral cavity SCC (OSCC). Betel quid chewing is also an established risk factor in southeast Asian countries. However, OSCC, and especially oral tongue cancer, incidence has been reported to be increasing in several countries, suggesting risk factors that have not been identified yet. This review summarizes the established risk factors for oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas and examines other undemonstrated risk factors for HNSCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T01:33:36Z","timestamp":1683164016000},"page":"3264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors: State of the Art"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4090-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Nokovitch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Maquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Crampon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihs\u00e8ne","family":"Taihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Surgery Department, Rothschild Hospital, 75012 Paris, France"},{"name":"URP 2496, Laboratory of Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies, UFR Odontology, Health Department, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, 92120 Montrouge, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lise-Marie","family":"Roussel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Cancer and ENT Surgery, Centre Henri Becquerel, 76038 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Rouen Cancer Federation, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rais","family":"Obongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Cancer and ENT Surgery, Centre Henri Becquerel, 76038 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Rouen Cancer Federation, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7570-1088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Virard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Center, Centre L\u00e9on B\u00e9rard, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 d\u2019Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University of Lyon, 69002 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3498-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e9atrice","family":"Fervers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement Pr\u00e9vention Cancer Environnement, Centre L\u00e9on B\u00e9rard, 69008 Lyon, France"},{"name":"INSERM UMR 1296, \u201cRadiations: D\u00e9fense, Sant\u00e9, Environnement\u201d, Centre L\u00e9on B\u00e9rard, 69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Deneuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Rouen Cancer Federation, 76000 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Quantification en Imagerie Fonctionnelle-Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique, du Traitement de l\u2019Information et des Syst\u00e8mes Equipe d\u2019Accueil 4108 (QuantIF-LITIS EA4108), University of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2018.11","article-title":"The molecular landscape of head and neck cancer","volume":"18","author":"Leemans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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