{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:30:12Z","timestamp":1789500612916,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23:NS091430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23:NS091430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Oklahoma Shared Clinical and Translational Research (OSCTR)\/National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["K23:NS091430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23:NS091430"]}]},{"name":"Presbyterian Health Foundation (PHF)","award":["K23:NS091430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23:NS091430"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a progressive disease that worsens over time if untreated. However, the rate of progression can vary among individuals and may be influenced by various factors, such as the age of the patients, underlying conditions, and the severity and location of the spinal cord compression. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can help slow the progression of CSM and improve symptoms. There has been an increased use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods in diagnosing and managing CSM. MRI methods provide detailed images and quantitative structural and functional data of the cervical spinal cord and brain, allowing for an accurate evaluation of the extent and location of tissue injury. This review aims to provide an understanding of the use of MRI methods in interrogating functional and structural changes in the central nervous system in CSM. Further, we identified several challenges hindering the clinical utility of these neuroimaging methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T04:04:48Z","timestamp":1683518688000},"page":"3337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Utility of MRI in Quantifying Tissue Injury in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9690-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Fahim","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Haynes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9592-2611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fauziyya","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanaa","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000953","article-title":"The Aging of the Global Population: The Changing Epidemiology of Disease and Spinal Disorders","volume":"77","author":"Fehlings","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.12.124","article-title":"Comparing Quality of Life in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy with Other Chronic Debilitating Diseases Using the Short Form Survey 36-Health Survey","volume":"106","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198301000-00001","article-title":"Canal diameter, anteroposterior compression ratio, and spondylotic myelopathy of the cervical spine","volume":"8","author":"Ogino","year":"1983","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004197","article-title":"Assessing structure and function of myelin in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: Evidence of demyelination","volume":"89","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.10.109","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Atlas-Based Volumetric Mapping of the Cervical Cord Gray Matter in Cervical Canal Stenosis","volume":"134","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography9010025","article-title":"Structural Relationship between Cerebral Gray and White Matter Alterations in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tomography"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104255","article-title":"Evolution of brain functional plasticity associated with increasing symptom severity in degenerative cervical myelopathy","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a7f4de","article-title":"Symptomatic progression of cervical myelopathy and the role of nonsurgical management: A consensus statement","volume":"38","author":"Fehlings","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0303-0","article-title":"Degenerative cervical myelopathy\u2014Update and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Badhiwala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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