{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:08:24Z","timestamp":1760148504447,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]],"date-time":"2023-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary immunodeficiencies (PIs) are a group of diseases that increase susceptibility to infectious diseases. Few studies have examined the relationship between PI and COVID-19 outcomes. In this study, we used Premier Healthcare Database, which contains information on inpatient discharges, to analyze COVID-19 outcomes among 853 adult PI and 1,197,430 non-PI patients who visited the emergency department. Hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and death had higher odds in PI patients than in non-PI patients (hospitalization aOR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.87\u20132.98; ICU admission aOR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.19\u20131.96; IMV aOR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.15\u20131.72; death aOR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.08\u20131.74), and PI patients spent on average 1.91 more days in the hospital than non-PI patients when adjusted for age, sex, race\/ethnicity, and chronic conditions associated with severe COVID-19. Of the largest four PI groups, selective deficiency of the immunoglobulin G subclass had the highest hospitalization frequency (75.2%). This large study of United States PI patients provides real-world evidence that PI is a risk factor for adverse COVID-19 outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12103516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T07:03:58Z","timestamp":1684393438000},"page":"3516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Severity Outcomes among Adult Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency and COVID-19 Seen in Emergency Departments, United States, April 2020\u2013August 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Drzymalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Genomics and Precision Public Health, Office of Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5327-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramal","family":"Moonesinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Genomics and Precision Public Health, Office of Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Kolor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Genomics and Precision Public Health, Office of Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muin J.","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Genomics and Precision Public Health, Office of Science, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyna","family":"Schieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Overdose Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adi V.","family":"Gundlapalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021, April 08). 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