{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T07:24:51Z","timestamp":1775978691847,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Statutory Activities by the Minister of Science and Higher Education","award":["SUB.C120.21.025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB.C120.21.025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV2 infection can lead to severe cytokine storm especially in obese patients. Ghrelin acts not only as an appetite regulator but can also play a key role in the immune reaction. Leptin, secreted mainly by the white adipose tissue, can act as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. The crucial question is whether or not the cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients with obesity is linked to adipokine dysregulation. The aim of this study was to assess ghrelin and leptin concentrations in patients 6 months after SARS-CoV2 infection in comparison to a control group considering the influence of sex. The study group included 53 patients with a history of COVID-19 and 87 healthy subjects in the control group. Leptin and ghrelin concentrations as well as hormonal and biochemical parameters were measured. A significantly higher ghrelin concentration was observed in the COVID-19 group in comparison to the control group, with a statistically significant impact of sex on the relationship between COVID-19 and ghrelin concentration, which was lower in the males. No statistically significant differences in leptin concentration were observed between the groups. A significant negative correlation was observed between ghrelin and testosterone and morning cortisol levels in the COVID-19 group. The current study showed that ghrelin levels were significantly higher in patients 6 months after a mild course of SARS-CoV2 infection. To confirm the hypothetical protective role of ghrelin in the inflammatory process, it would be necessary to compare serum ghrelin levels between patients after mild and severe courses of COVID-19. Due to the small sample size and the lack of patients with a severe course of COVID-19, these observations need further investigation. There were no differences in leptin concentrations between the COVID-19 patients and the control group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12103551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:55:29Z","timestamp":1684457729000},"page":"3551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ghrelin and Leptin Concentrations in Patients after SARS-CoV2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Justyna","family":"Kuliczkowska-P\u0142aksej","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Wybrze\u017ce Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Jawiarczyk-Przyby\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Wybrze\u017ce Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Zembska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Wybrze\u017ce Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kola\u010dkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Wybrze\u017ce Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Syrycka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Wybrze\u017ce Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Ka\u0142u\u017cny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Wybrze\u017ce Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Polowczyk-Kawa\u0142ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Wybrze\u017ce Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliza","family":"Kubicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Wybrze\u017ce Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-6596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Bolanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, Wybrze\u017ce Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01206","article-title":"Could SARS-CoV-2-Induced Hyperinflammation Magnify the Severity of Coronavirus Disease (CoViD-19) Leading to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?","volume":"11","author":"Girija","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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